Associate Lindy Millard begins his discussion by emphasizing the importance of a correct choice of “the right kind of ether” for an intelligible analysis of aeroform data from a mathematical engineering approach. His objective is to clarify the basis of the theory of Hermann Fricke (1876-1949). To do this he first devotes a paragraph to what R. Wussow and C. F. Krafft have to say about optical waves in an aerodynamic ether. Krafft’s comment on Wussow’s article follows:

“Wussow attempted to show that ordinary compressional waves of longitudinal displacement will under proper conditions develop a transverse component by a process similar to diffraction upon passage through a diffraction grating. If Wussow’s contentions are correct, then lightwaves may be primarily of longitudinal displacement, the transverse component brought out or accentuated by the polarizing apparatus. And if this interpretation is correct, then do we have any good reason for assuming that the ether is incompressible? One of the main difficulties I have had with Fricke’s highly dynamic concept of the ether is that such an ether would be almost sure to have compressional elasticity, similar to a gas. Now is such a concept of what the ether really ruled out by any known fact? The mere fact that light waves have a transverse component does not prove that they do not also have a longitudinal component, and if they do have such longitudinal component, then does it not necessarily follow that the ether must have a compressional elasticity? Perhaps the compressional elasticity should be looked upon, not as a property of the quiescent ether per se, but only as a property of ether in active motion as contemplated by Fricke. In such a case the compressional elasticity would result from its inertia of motion.”

Associate Millard then devotes a paragraph to some of the technical terms employed by Krafft. “Compressional waves”, he writes, “are what this name implies: waves of compression and decompression, which follow each other in alternated order. Their speed of propagation – the speed at which their effects are traveling – is roughly equal to the average speed of the individual particles that would not themselves travel more than an inch unless a breeze came along to transport them. As to an augmentation in the number of collisions between the particles, per unit of time, these particles simply “pass it on”. Now “longitudinal displacement” refers to the distances the particles are moved, along a direction parallel to the line of the longest dimension of the 3-dimensional wave-disturbance, or to put it more clearly: most of the movements of any particle in such waves “dis-place” it along – instead of perpendicular to – the line which the disturbance is passed on, or “propagated” – the “longitudinal” direction. The “transverse component” may be one of the parts of the optical-wave motion, which the later will be resolvable into (after diffraction), and this part of “component” will be perpendicular to the light ray, since this component is called “transverse”. A “polarizing apparatus” need not be considered in the following discourse, but to get some idea of what optical polarization means, think about how Polaroid ‘specs’ work. The meaning of the word “incompressible” seems self-evident.

“Fricke’s highly dynamic concept of the ether” is what I wish to share with BSRA scholars presently.

Fricke’s generalized theory of space-ether and matter-energy

Fricke’s “highly dynamic” concept of the ether is that there has existed from eternity an ubiquitous variety of micro-motions in an infinitely expanded ether which is, for the most part, turbulent – like agitated water. If all vortical (eddy) motions were ab» sent from the ether, then a primary ether would exist – incompressible, continuous, and non»elastic, with rotational motion, However since from eternity this ether has possessed in addition to the streaming motions an innumerable quantity of ball-like eddy globules of all different sizes of “grades”, this ether has, as a result of these supplementary vortices, some secondary properties: Compressibility, atomicity, and a quasi-elasticity which is caused by rotational speed. This last-mentioned property is responsible for the pressure of the ether. Because the eternal motions collectively have an omnipresent simultaneity, this concept in itself accounts for the existence of absolute time. The lack of sudden starts and stops in such motions explains the existence of inertial mass in the vortices. Of course, these tiniest vortex balls are not connected with one another through any eddy filaments.

Here I have anticipated any objection: textbooks teach that fluid vortex filaments cannot have any ends which terminate within the fluid, but these filaments must either exist as closed rings or else must terminate on some boundary such as the free surface of the fluid or the wall of the containing vessel. This, however, holds true because of fluid viscosity, which in turn depends on exchanges of momentum between colliding molecules of adjacent stream-layers of flow. But momentum cannot exist unless there is inertial mass present. And yet Fricke postulated for his primordial ether certain vortex balls which do not form closed rings at their range of sizes, nor do any of them extend their rotation axes to some boundary. Actually there is no real contradiction here. The tiniest vortex globules are ellipsoidal in shape and discrete, because they are in their own right the foundational causes of the phenomena of inertial mass and of “bounce” elasticity, since they embody a localized form of uninterrupted eternal motion.

Under certain conditions, comparatively large streams of ether will crowd many of the smallest vortex balls together into coherent streams and lumps of confluent secondary ether. These lumps will contain balls in close-packed formations. And because there are no stronger forces to tear them apart, these lumps can be identified as “plenum” – the uncuttable stuff considered by Greek atomists. From the movement of their integration or construction, they would have the same speed as their component vortex granules, but eventually the lumps may slow down because of collision with encountered vortices, until they no longer have the speed of light, but will finally drift about as etheric dust. However, every one of the vortices continues to spin with undiminished “angular” velocity, which is twice pi divided by the period of rotation. Each particle of etheric dust (or lump) probably retains its original size and shape. Under the unusual conditions of space, the vortex balls dart about in all directions at random, like at- oms of a kinetic gas. Since their energies are in statistical equilibrium, the pressure of the ether will be the same from all sides. It then appears to be isotropic – that is having the same qualities when entered from any arbitrary direction. The illusion that ether is empty space the results. This is the antithesis, counterpart, or complement of the plenum-producing condition.

Between the two extreme conditions, the streaming ether may behave like meandering liquids of various mass-densities and may even occur in various grain- densities. (They are neither “empty” space nor uncuttable plenum.) Although the total energy of the indestructible motion remains constant, the streaming of the liquid-like ethers may undergo changes of configuration so as to exhibit all different velocities and accelerations from localized vortex motions (matter-corpuscles at rest) on the one hand, to rapid electric field streamlines (with the velocity of light) on the other hand. If we include also the vortex filaments of Maxwell’s concept of the magnetic field, and the symmetrical ether-sink field of gravitation considered recently by Dr. O.C. Hilgenberg, then it seems possible with this generalized ether theory of Fricke to explain all phenomena of Nature.

There is one property of this ether which makes possible coherence and its absence of grain-flaw, and that is a special kind of friction which only the ether possesses. This special friction that Fricke postulated controls the direction of flow but does not dissipate the energy. This may be called “quasi-friction”. It can coexist with the eternal motion of the ether. Electromagnetism would not be capable of performing any work on electrons without it.

OUR PROBLEM is to determine how the density of inertial mass affects the vibration rate (frequency). We need to find out what would happen also in evanescent materiality, in other planes of existence as well. Similar natural laws must be common to most of the planes. We have considered a theory of the ether which will be used herewith as the correct basis on which a solution of our problems will be developed.

Effects of inertial mass and pressure on sonic-wave frequency

If the ether of apparently empty space is actually an aerodynamic fluid, then the mathematics of acoustical engineering must be applicable to this ether. Then the equations for sonic waves in air can be adapted for use within the concept of optical waves in space – for instance, those above the earth atmosphere.

Now the mechanics of a sonic wave has been considered by engineers to be analogous to systems of mechanical vibration, An increase in air pressure will increase to property of the air which is related to – or rather, analogous with – the “stiffness” of a metal coil spring. This will increase the propagation of a sonic wave. The wavelengths will be made correspondingly greater, if the vibrational period remains unchanged. The reciprocal of this period, is called the “frequency”. Now as to that vibrating thing which generates the sonic disturbance, if this wave- generator should itself require a greater degree of stiffness than it had before, then it will vibrate at a higher frequency. The effect of inertial mass, on the other hand-whether this be the mass of the vibrating generator (tuning fork, or what have you) or the mass of every air molecule-should be to furnish the momentum-(mass times speed equals urge to keep on moving). Because of this momentum, the direction of motion cannot be reversed suddenly, and so this mass delays the reversal of each’ phase of the wave cycle, The frequency may be decreased, not only by lowering the stiffness value of the vibrator, but by raising the value of its mass.

Similar considerations should hold true also for vibrating atoms of matter, consisting of and immersed in Fricke’s ether.

Resonance in a mechanical system

Suppose that we have a steel coil spring attached at its upper end to a rafter and have a iron weight hanging from its lower end. With a hammer we tap the bottom of the weight, experimenting with many different frequencies of tapping. If the tapping frequency be quite high, then the mechanical shocks may cause the convolutions of “turns” of the spring to shake vertically, and as we decrease the frequency the number of nodes may decrease until the whole spring begins to respond, but the weight may prove to he too sluggish in its response.

If we reduce the number of taps per second until we are nudging the weight more slowly, then the entire system will begin to oscillate vertically with consider- able amplitude, but this response will eventually die down if we reduce the tapping frequency further to one tap per minute. Thus we find out that at some “best results” frequency, called the frequency of resonance, the spring and the weight bob up and down in step with a certain rate of tapping, that best-result rate.

An electronic equivalent circuit

Following Hertz, Marconi, and other scientists, engineers soon put the results of the new field of scientific research to practical uses, and to make further improvements. That is the specific function of an engineer, in relation to any science. In this case the new science was Electronics.

Engineers with insight and wisdom began to compare electrical and mechanical resonances with each other. Just as a weighted spring behaves as though it prefers one frequency of transmitted mechanical shock to all others, so the equivalent of this system in electronics passes AC voltage of a certain frequency but acts as a resistor of all other frequencies in the circuit. Calculations based equivalent circuits aid an engineer in his understanding of how to improve upon mechanical systems, such as cones and baffle-cabinets of a radio loudspeaker system.

A clear example of a “series circuit” is the complete connection of colored Christmas tree lamps with a wall outlet. But while the parts of a “series resonant circuit” are quite different from lamps, they too are connected in series with each other. A series resonant circuit includes a resistor, a coil, and a capacitor – sometimes only the later two – and these parts are connected in a series. Now if these parts have suitable value ratings, the series resonant circuit made from them will resonantly conduct through itself and frequency of fluctuating current we choose. This circuit is “equivalent to” a weighted spring. In this case, the capacitor and the spring play similar roles, but the coil and the iron weight seem to cater to the low frequencies, thus playing a complementary role.

Consider the value ratings for the electrical parts and for the mechanical parts. The capacitance of a “condenser” is rated in farads; in radio work the usual values of capacitors are much smaller. For use as a mechanical equivalent of capacitance we have the “compliance” of the steel spring, rated in centimeters peer dyne. A “dyne” is a unit of force, in the metric system of units. If we apply the same number of dynes of force to compress several different springs (also to stretch them) we should find that the stiffer springs will have the lesser values of compliance. The compliance is equal to the reciprocal of the stiffness, for stiffness is measured in dynes per centimeter. As to the coil and the iron weight: the inductance of a coil is rated in henrys. The mechanical analog of inductance is the inertial mass (in grams) of the suspended iron-excluding the effect of gravity, of course.

The above correlation between a weighted spring and a series resonant circuit is too simple for use as an “as if” model for description of crystal objects, Many crystals can transmit several colors of visible light. As many different frequencies of ether-wave will therefore get through the interspaces between the ions clustered in groups throughout each crystal. In order to let all those colors through, the interspace ether must act as if it were a composite network of many different series resonant circuits that are “shunted across” one another. All of their capacitances would seem to have the same value in com- mon, an extremely small fractions of a farad, if the high pressure of the ether be uniform throughout the interspaces. The series resonant circuits would then differ from one another only in inductance values, which are presumably due to various different sizes (and masses) of ambient vortices present in the interspace ether.

Kinds of density

In scientific literature, i.e. technical journals, more than one kind of “density” is mentioned. The kinds most frequently used in physics magazines “electron density” (or number of electrons per unit volume) and “energy density”, besides the mass-density. The meaning of ‘grain-density’ seems self-evident. How- ever, “vibration-density” although seldom mentioned as such, can nevertheless be expressed by associating together (in a common region) two other kinds of density: a high grain-density with a low mass density.

All BSRA discussions in which the word “density” is used, should specify what kind of density is meant. ls it mass-density? ls it grain-density? Or is it some other density, such as energy-density (work-density) or power-density? Power being the same as work divided by the time during which the work is being done, it would seem that the power-density in some instances mean work multiplied by frequency- density, and in some other instances, energy-density per vibrational cycle period. It pays to be very sure of the smallest details, and to agree upon then by convention, as this precaution will avoid repeated confusion.

In conclusion we print the following note, taken from our “Clips, Quotes, and Comments”- D-9 of May 1,1955:

Associate Lindy Millard, by reasoning from electrical analogues, has made a rigorous mathematical derivation of the following generalized basic formula for the ether itself where optical waves are being propagated:

Square root of Pressure over K x Sq. root of Mass-Density: where K is a constant that may depend on the material substance with the ether.

FREQUENCY DEPENDS ON THE INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF MASS-DENSITY OF THE ETHER ITSELF!

For more information on the physics of this dynamic ether, Borderland Sciences offers a selection of papers written by Carl F. Krafft, including The Ether and its Vortices, Glimpses of the Unseen World, The Structure of the Atom, and Ether And Matter.

This is a hit-and-run article, sans literary grace, about aurameter, and etheric objects, and thought-forms and teleportation, and the ethers and the flying Discs and what-have-you. “A” stands for Aurameter, so we begin where it seems proper; but afterward mix everything up as seems most improper. The Aurameter is a lately devised gadget intended primarily for water dowsing, but which turns out to have far more important properties – such as, for example, locating and outlining objects which can’t be seen. ^[1]

“Thoughts are things” is the sleepiest of bromides. Every spiritist and occultist is born with that spoon in his mouth whether he knows it or not. But just what, if you please, do you mean by a “thing”? In common use a thing is an object, and an object is objective, visible, and usually tangible. But since thoughts and feelings are not of this sort, how can they be called things? Obviously and QED, such talk is all mystical moonshine.

But now, suppose I visualize a milk bottle on one end of a table, a large cube on the other, and a solid brick wall across one end of the room. Then suppose some one experienced in the use of this gadget comes in and locates these mental images by feeling around with it, somewhat as a dowser does with a forked stick or a pendulum. Has the thought-form, the mental image taken on “thingness”, or has it not?

Elaborate and repeated experiments show that this feat can actually be performed. Make a mind image, place it definitely in space, and the Aurameter can find it. Touch one book in a row of 50, and the instrument will pick out the right one. We suggest, there is “something there”, just as real and objective as any visible brick or box or bottle could possibly be. We suggest, the burden of explanation is now on the skeptic. Let him explain what is happening, and he had better make it good.

But to go on from there – since we have no space here to battle with straw men.

I put an imaginary milk bottle on the table in front of me, and the aurameter man can find it. But it’s just as easy and as quick for me to put it in another room, another house, another block or city distant. I can put it anywhere I want to, provided I can visualize enough of the background, and distance makes no difference at all, per se. If my friend in Calcutta has an Aurameter and can use it, and I steadfastly visualize a black cat or a bronze Buddha in his library, and if he knows where and when to look for the something I am sending, he will be able to find it and describe its outlines.

Now, this is the projection of an image, and an image or thought is evidently a reality. That is, it has a material existence, although the matter it is made of happens to be invisible, and untouchable by our unaided hands. It is, if you please, what we call an existent in etheric matter. If you poke the positive pole of a magnet into the positive field of another magnet, you feel a strong repulsion, the push-away of like polarities. The magnetic field is an invisible, tangible entity composed of etheric stresses, but no one thinks of denying its existence. The thought form seems to have the same kind of existence, and the resistence it offers to the aurameter bob feels to the hand exactly the same as that exerted by the magnet. But before the invention of the aurameter we had no instrument (except possibly the pendulum) for measuring it.

Otherwise stated, a thought image is an etheric construct made by the operation of mind-energy on the ethers. If you don’t believe in the ethers, or in the ‘energic’ character of thought, go ahead and make your own interpretation – only, please do not fail to explain just what it is the aurameter finds and how it finds it.

In other words, try to ‘save’ the phenomena – or, don’t throw out the baby along with the bath water.

Our assumption and information and reasonable belief is, that etheric matter exists everywhere, and that there is an infinite series of ethers of increasing density, and that all of them are particulate in structure, and consequently interpenetrate. ^[2] Our so-called dense matter is really (comparatively) a rarefaction, and the enormously dense ethers pass through it like wind through a mesh with huge interstices. That makes good science and good metaphysics, once you stop to think about it, as most people will not do.

If, as is highly believable, there are etheric beings living in etheric worlds, their bodies and worlds and all that is in them will be far more dense than ours, the component particles will be thousands or millions of times smaller than our atoms and electrons, and consequently the etheric matter will be responsive to the more subtle forms of energy, that is, to thought energy. And if I visualize a pumpkin, I create said pumpkin in etheric matter, but it‘s out of my plane of visual perception. If I were in an etheric body I would be able to see it, and I could send it by my thought energy to any place I chose. And if I want to construct a flying disc, I would first think it into existence and then spot the etheric creation anywhere I wished. It’s our information and belief, that most of our space visitors get here in just that way. It is not a problem of constructing a craft out of materials known to us as matter and have it capable of flying across space and withstanding the conditions of space fight. The craft is first built out of enormously dense etheric matter, by thinking it in to form; and this etheric form is ‘teleported’ or ‘spotted’ along with crew into the upper regions of the earth’s atmosphere – the ‘trip’ of course taking no time at all. Within the Earth’s gravitational field the vibratory rates of the etheric matter are converted into the slower rate of our earth matter, and then the craft becomes visible and tangible to us. If it is true that we now have many visitors even from ‘beyond the galaxies’, hundreds and even thousands of light years distant, it must be plain that they do not get here in any craft made of earth-substances and travelling at any speed we have even conjectured, and that they do not ‘cross space’ at all in our sense of the words.

All this kind of thinking clicks well enough with both ancient and modern metaphysics, and also with much contemporary speculative science. It was talking about the aurameter that got us into all this – for the obvious reason that we now have, for the first time, a ‘gadget’ which will show the material presence of an ether-form, or thought form. Our vast ignorance of the whole concept of the ethers, is a kind of black hole of Calcutta for the western mind. We’re gadget-minded and want to see something move, or hear something click, or read numbers on a scale before we think a ‘thing’ is ‘real’. If the aurameter should be studied enough so that its evidence gets through the first layer of western ignorance and stupidity, it will be rated as 20th century achievement No. 1.

It’s still bad form, of course, to so much as mention radiesthesia in ‘orthodox’ and official scientific circles – and the aurameter comes under that classification, as a radi-sensitive device, and so will be rated even lower than the pendulum, the former ne plus ultra of childishness. But what is the twaddle of today is often the gospel of tomorrow.

This aurameter also suggests the possibility of mental communication on this plane by etheric images and symbols. It is also revealing many unknown rays, waves, vibrations – for instance, an energy stream given off from the tips of cones. It’s going to intrude into the field of psychometry and pendulum analysis generally – and it also tells us more about the human aura than is found in all the books. It is, in short, one fine notable ray of light into the black hole we just spoke about – our western ignorance of the etheric worlds and peoples.

The point is sometimes raised, that if (say) a Venusian Etherian wants to visit Terra (for to see but not to admire) he doesn’t need to think up a disc or a mile~long space ship to travel in. His body is made of etheric matter, and it responds to his will, and all he has to do is to think himself even into the most secret places of our world – and there he is. We are informed that this is quite true, leaving aside various if’s and but’s. But let us suppose that he wants to make observations and records, use instruments, maybe offset bad radiation effects, needs active cooperation by other Etherian scientists. It seems natural that he, or they, should prefer to create discs or other craft, load them with the required apparatus, transfer the whole by teleportation to some region close to the earth, and then convert to our vibration rate and so come into our field of perception.

All this is very crude and sketchy, no doubt, and sounds like amateurish scientifiction; yet I think that basically it is reasonable and plausible and fits in with the known data.

There has been a good deal of twaddle in the newspapers during the last few months, about a ‘revival’ of the ‘obsolete’ ether theory, particularly by an English scientist. But the ether concept has never been discarded. Einstein, Jeans, Eddington and many others have said so explicitly. Consider the following quotations from Eddington:

Thirty years ago there was much debate over the question of ether drag – whether the earth moving round the sun drags the ether with it. At that time the solidity of the atom was unquestioned, and it was difficult to believe that matter could push its way through the ether without disturbing it. It was surprising and perplexing to find as the result of experiments that no convection of the ether occurred. But we now realize that the ether can slip through the atc as easily as through the solar system, and our expectation is all the other way . . .

(That velocity through the ether is meaningless) does not mean that the ether is abolished. we need an ether. The physical world is not to be analyzed into isolated particles of matter or electricity with featureless interspace. We have to attribute as much character to the interspace as to the particles, and quite an army of symbols is required to describe what is going on in the interspace. We postulate ether to bear the characters of the interspace as we postulate matter or electricity to bear the characters of the particles …

In the last century it was widely believed that ether was a kind of matter, having properties such as mass, rigidity, motion, like ordinary matter… This ceased to be the orthodox view years before the advent of the relativity theory. Logically it was abandoned by the 19th century investigators who regarded matter as vortices, knots, squirts etc.,in the ether; for clearly they could not suppose that ether consisted of vortices in the ether. But it may not be safe to assume that the authorities in question were logical.

Nowadays it is agreed that ether is not a kind of matter.* Be-non-material, its properties are sui generis. We must determine them by experiment; and since we have no ground for any preconception the experimental conclusions can be accepted without surprise. Mass and rigidity such as we meet with in matter will naturally be absent in ether; but the ether will have new and definite characters of its own. In a material ocean we can say that a particular particle of water which was here a few moments ago is now over there; there is no corresponding assertion that can be made about the ether. If you have been thinking of the ether in a way which takes for granted this property of permanent identification of its particles, you must revise your conception … The ether itself is as much to the fore as it ever was, in our present scheme of the world. But velocity through the ether (is meaningless).

(Nature of the Physical World, pp. 3, 30, 31, 32)

Since the passages quoted were written subsequent to the advent of the relativity theory (and in view of later utterances by Einstein and others), the assertion that the concept of the ether has been discarded is absurd. There is, however, a matter of semantics involved in the last paragraph quoted from Eddington. He is unwilling to describe the ether as matter, since it does not possess the characters of matter as we know it – mass, rigidity etc. This is a question of definitions. If the ethers possess enormous density and consist of extremely small particles in extremely rapid motion, then their mass and rigidity will lie outside the range of our instruments – hence, by definition, we can say they are not “matter”. The point is obvious and not worth laboring, except that Eddington takes a needless plunge into mysticism by postulating a necessary but characterless X to equate with the interspaces. Incidentally, it does us no good to merely substitute the term space for ether unless space be itself a substance or stuff and not mere nothingness – which is a flatus vocis and not a concept at all.

We began by talking about the aurameter because its performances make us realize that etheric bodies are ‘real’ in a material sense, in the same way that a magnetic field is *real* ; and the quotations from Eddington show that the ether is vez; much of a ‘reality’ to the physicist, whether he calls it matter or non-matter or space or an X which can neither be kept out of his equations nor evaluated. The importance of the whole matter, for the ‘average man’ at least, is that unless he can somehow integrate the reality of the etheric worlds into his own thinking, he will never understand a host of remarkable phenomena now occurring on our own plane of existence. Precisely because of this lack of understanding, we are in grave danger of a period of public panic and world-wide confusion. This danger is not merely a matter of being scared witless by “fireballs” and “discs” and nameless flaming monsters of the skies. It is a most ancient and rational occult teaching, that all the life of our world, and all ‘material objects, and the whole of Nature as known to us, originated in the etheric worlds – the true homeland of the human race. Furthermore, it is the personal conviction of many of us that probably the only hope for humanity now lies in friendly contact and cooperation with the etheric peoples, many of whom are, we now believe, excarnate humans operating from etheric rather than astral levels.

For the last five years we have been saying things similar to this, and other and wiser folk have been saying it all down the course of human history. We do not keep repeating them in any hope of ‘enlightening humanity’, but only by way of making a kind of gesture which may call the attention of a few, who may then proceed as they will, each on his own path of understanding.

In view of our reference to Natalli (note to page 2) we may be permitted to introduce a quotation from him. Natalli is a 16th century astronomer who has long been communicating through the deep-trance mediumship of Mark Probert. (This medium, by the way, has almost no knowledge of technical and scientific subjects). The Natalli Control stated, early in March 1952:

“If we look at densities as blending slowly we arrive at a density which will be to all intents homogeneous” (i.e., by successive division of the constituent particles of matter). “But this is not really the case. By basing on the quantum theory each state is periodical a period behaviour of the atoms. This period state can only be conceived of by thinking in this manner. The action of the atom in each grade of density is not a stable condition, but rather a kind of blinking, in lawful sequence. In each passing fraction of time this a different form of motion. Action taking place in one density will cause another form of action in another density. It is this action which creates what you call form.

“Now, we wonder where the atom is, in the fraction of time when it is not in action. There is a time vacuum existing between the peri-states of motion. We have a cause~and-effect in play and spanning the gulf of the time interval. There is a stream of force passing between the two densities. Due to the fact that we cannot ever get to a state of nothingness (by successive divisions) the field between the time intervals we may call a play going on between the two – between the proton and the neutron. They exchange energies until there is a kind of absorption of one of them. Both are sending off energy, and the energy of one is picked up by other bodies. You have a complete breakdown of the atomic body, and it pours itself across this time vacuum into another dimension, where in forming an atomic structure it is moving at a different rate of speed. It may lose or gain electronic bodies in the new dimension and will create a web-like structure with other atoms to form a solid.

“The time vacuum lies in the exchange of neutron and proton in which one of these has absorbed the energy of the other. In that moment you have a time vacuum . . .

“The fractions of time are not really as we perceive them; the notion is so fast that we cannot make any estimate. But there is a pause in this time field that is a complete nothingness. This is basically a heat action and could be thought of according to a dimension of time as a magnetic or electromagnetic field according to the time interval between. We can say that it is magnetic or electrical or electro-magnetic, or that it is pure heat, depending largely on its use in any particular dimension of time. A passing point that is without atomic structure. The atom pours itself out into another dimension of time, across the time field. This is space-time, or a space vacuum between the nucleus and the electron.” ^[3]

Footnotes

1. Invented by BSR Assoc. V.L. Cameron, [booklet still for sale under the title "The Cameron Aurameter"]
2. ‘An infinite series of particulate ethers’ sounds like a logical impasse, but less formidable than a homogeneous ether. The difficulty is neatly handled by Natalli in our Transcript 15, pg. 3.
3. Though somewhat aside from the chief concern of this article, we add a philosophical suggestion of extreme importance. In the application of the quantum theory to psychology, to mind-as-energy, we have for the first time a satisfactory solution of the difficulty known as solipsism. – M.L.

The electrical theory of Maxwell was based on the assumption that when a body was electrified something in the nature of a displacement passed from the body into the ether, and from the ether to some other material object or objects said to be electrified.

That the displacement was not material, that is had no weight, went without saying, for with the most delicate chemical balance no difference in weight could be detected. lt, therefore, had to partake of an ether-like displacement because the ether has no weight.

Maxwell conceived the idea that is was this mysterious displacement, by an unrevealed physical mechanism, that caused electrified bodies to be attracted or repelled according to the well known material Newtonian laws of mechanics.

Whereas, the electrical displacement is intangible as it were, because it involves the ether only, forces always very visibly manifested at the material bounding surfaces of the ether were conceived to take place by virtue of a special displacement mechanism which Maxwell assumed. This displacement mechanism was considered to be located in the ether itself rather than in the electrified material bodies.

Forces there must be in the ether, but it is necessary to remember that we can make sure of their existence only by mechanical reactions of the ether upon material bodies. When the forces refer wholly to the ether they are designated as “generalized” forces. Thus, although an electromotive force is regarded as setting up a flux of electric displacement this force cannot be considered a true force in the Newtonian sense, for matter is not involved, except indirectly. The mechanical of Newtonian forces that are observable on electrical bodies always imply matter, Electrical instruments are employed to measure E.M.F.’s (potentials) and currents, but it is very obvious that what were really measuring are the reactions of the ether upon material bodies and not the forces that act wholly and entirely on the parts of the medium itself.

The question can arise whether electricity as such can exist apart from matter. Heaviside is decidedly of the opinion that is cannot. We know that like charges repel each other and therefore the functions of the material bounding surfaces of the ether appears to keep the like elemental charges together. Just how this property is maintained is at once one of the mysteries and distinguishable properties of matter.

In the newer theory of Lorentz, electrification of displacement is said to be due to electrons. In the first place it is difficult to see how any portion of electricity can manifest itself except by a material reaction which can be accounted for a Newtonian force being set up. Yet single negative electrons have been observed. Again is the electron or atom of electricity were of the imponderable ether substance then there is difficulty accounting for the elemental electrical charge keeping itself intact; for even an electron is supposed to have dimensions. It was from this that Heaviside foretold that the observable electron would be found to have a material nucleus. It would also seem to nullify the earlier electric particle hypothesis of Maxwell.

Strange to say in attempting to form a physical picture of electrical displacement. Maxwell himself imagined a sort of purely ether particle which bears a very close resemblance to Lorentz’s electron particle. However, such makeshift devises, for such they are, do not by any means explain how mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy of how electrical energy, such as the electromagnetic light from the Sun, can be transmitted through space to be thereafter transformed into work in the service of man, or how to interpret matter in the terms of ether.

Both Lorentz and Maxwell imagined their ultimate electrical particles to be of such a nature that, in what are called dielectrics or insulators, the electrons are capable of moving only a short distance from their normal state of equilibrium; whereas in conductors such as copper, the electrons were considered to be free and capable of being set in motion by appropriate ethereal or as we now express it- electromotive forces. Such forces, as has already been indicated above, are not, to be confounded with the mechanical forces such as pressure or inertia. Yet when a conductor passes through a state of the ether called a magnetic field, the electrons in the conductor are assumes to be impelled in a certain direction. So far as electrons are concerned, it is electromagnetic force that causes the electrons to travel through what are really the large-sized pores of the material; but so far as the copper or material conductor is concerned it is a Newtonian mechanical force or pull that will be found necessary to be applied to set up the electronic displacement.

In the dielectric or insulating medium of a condenser the electrons are considered tied, as it were, to the material atoms or molecules of the insulating medium. They are not supposed capable of extended migratory movement from the individual atom. Thus for an alternating E.M.F. large current volumes can be set up but cannot however, be maintained uni-directionally to any considerable extent. Of course, in conductors this limitation is not present and the electrons are free to travel in a complete physical circuit.

The question can also be raised as to how an alternating current can be maintained when there is nothing but the ether between the plates of a condenser. Would such a medium constitute a perfect insulator? The answer for an alternating E.M.F. is, “No.” In fact, besides the Lorentz electrons, with, however, a material nucleus added, one must, because of this, fall back on a true Maxwellian, purely ethereal displacement. According to modern electrons theory the true Maxwellian, purely etheric displacement is always present in a dielectric, but superposed upon it in material media is an electronic displacement, with a material nucleus. The original Maxwellian displacement was structurally undefined. In insulators the electrons are tied, but in material conductors the electrons are free. It would be expected that since the electrons have a material core that these elemental charges should be associated with material media, but the true ether displacement currents of Maxwell, in which the material core is absent entirely, offers considerable difficulties to our understanding or rather visualization.

In the older theory, such as that of Ampere, the current flowing in a conductor was considered to be altogether distinct from the current flowing in the condenser. It was Maxwell who insisted, however, that the condenser current inside the medium itself must set up magnetic effects equivalent absolutely to those set up in a conductor of like current capacity.

Nowadays the conductor current of Maxwell’s mysterious days is pictured as being due to an electronic stream of particles having a material nucleus, but the old purely ethereal condenser current of Maxwell has still held its ground but superposed upon the current notion is the one in which, for material dielectrics. Electrons are in addition considered to be displaced to a limited extent just as in the old Maxwellian ether displacement current.

In considering the manner in which light reaches us from the sun, since this is understood to be an electromagnetic wave phenomena, it would appear to be really of the nature of a true Maxwellian (or pure Lorentzian) character. That is to say the light waves in leaving the sun pass out like straight line streamers of a reeled off link chain in all directions. The one set of links in a plane, see Fig. 1, represent the displacement currents of electricity, which Maxwell pictured as due to flux of pure ether particles in such a circuit.

On the other hand the links looping the first set of links in a plane perpendicular to the latter, represent the closed paths of magnetic disturbances which Maxwell considered was due to what he called “idler” ether particles. Now in considering electromagnetic waves set up by an aerial in wireless telegraphy, the original displacement loops are not considered to lie wholly in the ether, as the must do, when electric waves in the nature of light are sent out by the sun.

In wireless work such displacement loops are partly true Maxwellian (i.e. they consist of a pure ethereal displacement in ether) and partly what one might call Lorentzian, or modified Lorentzian, because a portion of the loop passes through the earth. That part which passes through the earth would be due to electrons according to modern theory, whereas the remaining part in the ether, or air, would only be due to electrons if the air was what is called ionized; otherwise the actual electrical displacement in the ether part of the circuit would have to be considered pure Maxwellian.

The difference apparently between a Maxwellian ether particle and a Lorentzian electron is that Lorentz’s electron is supposed to account for the electrical conductivity in solids, liquids, and gases or what is called ionization, whereas Maxwell’s ether particle is supposed to account for the normal ethereal conductivity.

It may come AS A “SHOCK” to realize that our very life depends on electricity. Not only does your body operate on changing electrical potentials, but the essential structure of the universe is based on fundamental electric charges, fields, and waves. Nature’s electrical generators are most evident in piezoelectricity, static electricity, and atmospheric electricity. The sheer, raw power of electricity unleashes its fury daily in thousands of lightning bolts. The magnitude of the volts behind these bolts can reach a startling 100 million between the ground and the base of a thunder-cloud.^[1]

Science has accumulated a lot of facts about electricity in terms of electron generation, electron flow, electrical current, and voltage sources. The classical model of the atom depicts the electron as a suborbital vehicle or carrier of negative charge. The nuclear proton is arbitrarily assigned a positive charge. The opposite polarity charges are said to be equal in field strength. The Neutron lacks charge or is a composite particle (wavicle/vorticle) of balanced charges.

In physics or electrical engineering the source of all electrical effects is the electric charge. The magnitude of the force between two electric charges in vacuum is given by Coulomb’s Law: the force is directly proportional to Q, and Q2 which are the two values of charge measured in coulombs and inversely proportional to the area of permittivity of free space (equal to 8.854 x 10^-12 farad/meter) times the square of the distance between center of the charges in meters. The direction of the force is along the line of the two charges. If the two charge are of the same polarity, the force repels the charges from each other. The fundamental mechanism behind this is not explained. It is just a statement of observation.^[2]

The fundamental charged particle is the electron which has a charge of 1.60210 x 10^-19 and a mass of 9.10908 x 10^-31 kilograms. A charge has a region of influence that is defined as a field. The field permeates the space around a charge or is a special alteration of space itself. In classical physics, the electron has a radius of 10″ cm. The negative charge was considered distributed around this minute sphere. Physicists then calculated that the negative charge on one part of the electron spheroid would repel the negative charge of another spherical section and cause the electron to explode. In quantum field theory, the electron is considered as a point-particle. Of course with a point-particle, the electrical potential reaches infinity at dead center. Another dilemma.

Other fields that permeate or alter space are gravitational and electromagnetic fields. The source of these fields resides in a mass or object that itself may be a fundamental field or alteration of space. A yet undetermined relationship exists between the electromagnetic and gravitational fields. In the attempt to unify the forces into one theoretical construct is now referred to as a Grand Unified Theory. A more grandiose term is: Theory of Everything. This is, of course, the ultimate in human hubris.

The nature of electrical charge is a mystery. We make use of it everyday. But the common facts about electricity are not complete and anomalous electrical behavior has been noted by several experimenters. These anomalies could lead us to an even better understanding concerning the nature of electricity. In order to limit this discussion, I will cite a few anomalous electrical effects that produce contra-gravitational force.

Dr. Francis Nipher, once professor of physics at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri performed a modification of the Cavendish experiment in 1916-17. Cavendish used a delicate torsion balance to determine the density of the earth. Nipher used a one-inch lead ball suspended with an untwisted silk thread approximately 180 cm long and centered inside a 5-inch-square box or Faraday Shield. A horizontal slit in the box’s side permitted Dr. Nipher to observe deflections. He placed an insulated 10-inch-diameter lead sphere next to the iron box. A copper wire connected the large sphere to the metal box to keep them at the same potential. The large sphere was mounted on hard rubber plate. When the large sphere was electrified using a high-voltage influence generator, the normal gravitational attraction of the two spheres was reversed and the small suspended sphere was repelled from the larger by about twice the deflection caused by gravity. Reversing polarity did not alter the effect. When substituting low-voltage AC in place of the H-V influence generator, a repulsion effect was still observed, but one of smaller value.^[3]

Mr. George S. Piggot conducted even more amazing experiments in 1904 using a powerful electrostatic generator. He made use of an apparatus that had a rotating spherical electrode mounted on a stand. He was able to suspend, against gravity, small metal balls by means of a strong electric field. Extending for about 5 cm. around the perimeter of the objects was a mysterious dark band. He also succeeded in suspending nonmetallic objects such as cork and wood. These objects would oscillate up and down around the center of the field. An improved Wimshurst generator supplied the spherical electrode with approximately 500,000 volts of potential.

Townsend Brown’s experiments with suspended charged capacitors also demonstrated a contra-gravity effect. When the capacitor was charged, it exhibited a forward thrust towards the positive pole. When the capacitor was mounted vertically on a beam balance, the positive pole vectored thrust exhibited a lifting effect counter to gravity. This did not involve the expulsion of charged particles to produce thrust as in an ion rocket. Brown felt he discovered a principle of electro-gravitation.

If positive and negative charges are equipotential, then what would cause an unbalanced force between charges? If we lived in a sea of predominantly negative charge, then the action of positive attraction and negative repulsion would work mutually to produce a thrust vector in the direction of the positive pole. That would constitute a testable hypothesis.

John Searl is said to have employed an unique method of defying gravity using a continuous rotation of cylindrical magnets around a magnetic annulus. A very high electrostatic charge is said to develop between the rollers and the ring producing the Searl levity effect. His generator supposedly levitated of its own accord and generated a pink corona, however, this story has never been verified, or the effect reproduced. However, the Searl disk is claimed to have had a very high potential difference between the center section and rim of the disk, an effect actually noted in the de Palma N Machine. Is the Biefield-Brown effect, as discovered by Townsend Brown, incorporated within the operating principles of these rotating devices? Can a powerful electrostatic field produce an artificial gravitational field or modify the ambient gravity field?

It is said that the Austrian “Water Wizard” Victor Schauberger built a flying saucer during World War II for the Germans. Schauberger’s device rotated fluids in a hyperbolic vortex that generated high electrical potentlals and a consequent levity effect.

The claimed results of these experiments should cause us to ponder and reconsider the current theoretical dogma regarding the laws of electricity and the nature of electrical charge. This should lead us into further physical experimentation to discover the truth of the matter.

The problem of the nature of electrical charge is tied to the problem of space. Einstein considered the concept of field when thinking of problems in electrodynamics. He rejected the idea of the existence of a form of matter called “aether” especially because it reinvoked the idea of an absolute frame of reference. On the basis of the general theory of relativity, space as opposed to what fills space, which is dependent on coordinates, has no separate existence. Space, in the general theory, is not space without a field, but a special case of the gravitational field. Thus, Einstein concludes, there is no such thing as an empty space, i.e. a space without field. In his attempts at a Unified Field Theory, Einstein attempted to reconcile the gravitational held and the electromagnetic field. Einstein conceived space as part of a higher dimension which causes space to warp and bend in the presence of mass. However, this invests space with the properties of a solid. A solid can warp, bend, and convey waves.^[5]

In quantum field theory, the electron was reduced to a zero-radius point-particle. This raised the problem of infinite energy. This problem was handled through the mathematical technique of re-normalization. To circumvent the problems found in quantum field theory, string theory has been introduced. In string theory, particles like the electron are one-dimensional strings, perhaps joined in closed loops, with different modes of vibration. Again, higher dimension spaces are invoked to maintain a mathematical consistency with experiment.

There are scientists who find these exotic physical theories wanting, and the lack of mechanical models a hindrance to a real understanding of particle physics.

One thing that hints that our mathematical only models of space, particles, and charge are wrong are certain experiments in particle physics. Dr. Alan D. Krisch performed proton-proton collision experiments using the Zero Gradient Synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratories and found that when two protons spin in the same sense and collide, they scatter as expected. When the two protons spin in an anti-parallel sense, they do not deflect, regardless of mutual like charges, but appear through each other like ghosts! These protons are behaving like vortex rings in a fluid medium. Antiparallel vortices will not repel, but attract each other. Charge polarity seems to arbitrarily depend on spin sense and mutual interaction.

New ether theories have been proposed to account for the existing experimental phenomena and produce visualizable models. These theories should also predict new phenomena that, when subjected to experiment, should be in agreement with prediction. These theories postulate that space is permeated with a fluid medium of energy or that space itself is composed of a fluid. Its almost as if the universe itself were a giant liquid drop of undifferentiated fluid that differentiated by virtue of its internal dynamics.

William M. Honig of the Western Australian Institute of Technology has proposed a Grand Unified Theory based on a physical model for vacuum space consisting of the superposition of oppositely charged continuous fluids. Models for the photon, electron, neutrino, and proton consist of unique variations in the relative densities of the fluids and their flow patterns.

Eric J. Lerner in his recent book, The Big Bang Never Happened, points to the Krisch experiments and his own calculations to state that particles formed from vortices in some fluid is certainly worth investigating.

The Indian nuclear engineer, Parmahamsa Tewari, has developed a complete theory of space vortices based on a substantial space medium possessing non-material properties. The electron, in Tewari’s model, is a spherical vortex with a void core. The flow of the medium in a circulating motion at velocity c produces the energy we call charge. An electron will have a clock-wise vortex (negative charge) and a positron an anti-clockwise vortex (positive charge).

In my own theorizing I believe the electron is producing an outwardly-directed pressure gradient on the surrounding space medium due to its vortex rotation. This pressure gradient is identical to the electrostatic field. According to the law of Continuity for a moving stream of fluid, the density times the cross sectional area of the flow times the velocity must always be constant. Therefore, if the static pressure of the space medium is equivalent to gravitation, and the dynamic pressure is equivalent to electric field, then as the dynamic pressure increases, the static pressure decreases, always maintaining a constant. This establishes an inverse relationship between gravitation and electricity. If there is pressure along one axis, then there is tension along the orthogonal axis. These lines of tension could be equivalent to a magnetic field.

Some of the ideas expressed here are only rudimentary and introductory and are designed to stimulate further thinking with regards to unexplained physical phenomena. Why do Brown’s capacitors exhibit thrust? How does a high-voltage field cause levitation? Can we tap the dynamic energy flows of space? When we start to consider these questions perhaps we will move closer to a greater understanding of the nature of electricity and the ether of space.

REFERENCES

1. Nature’s Electricity by Charles K. Adams. Tab Books, 1987.
2. Introduction to Electrical Engineering by Hoyt and Hughs, McGraw-Hill, 1968.
3. Homemade Lightning by R.A. Ford. Tab Books, 1991.
4. Secret of the Creative Vacuum by John Davidson. C.W. Daniel, 1989.
5. Relativity by Albert Einstein. Crown, 1961.
6. Superstrings, edited by P.C.W. Davies & Brown. Cambrldge University Press 1988.
7. Speculations in the Science and Technology Journal, Vol. 5, No.4

Round Robin (Vol. 11, 3/6; Sept./Oct. 1955)

In a recent issue of the Round Robin there was a report of a Mark Probert seance which dealt with the existence of an ether. Although the reasoning was not very clear to me, still the conclusions seemed to be correct. The existence of an ether is not a question that can be answered by a simple “yes” or “no”, and when I stated in my book on “The Ether and its Vortices” that there can hardly be any question as to the existence of an ether, I meant a dynamic or turbulent ether and not the quiescent stationary ether of the 19th century.

The Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887 did not disprove the existence of any and every ether, but only of a quiescent ether that is stationary relative to the solar system, and which would produce an ether drift of sufficient magnitude to show up in the experiment. The correct explanation for the Michelson-Morley experiment seems to have been given by George Stokes, who considered the ether as being carried along by the earth‘s gravitational field; but Stokes theory was rejected by the physics profession on the ground that it was contradicted by astronomical aberration. It seems, however, that astronomical aberration does not necessarily disprove Stokes’ theory, because even if the ether adjacent to the earth is carried along by the earth’s gravitational field, there would still be astronomical aberration further out in space.

Since the gravitational field of the earth is tied up with that of the sun, it would be more correct to speak of the combined gravitation: field of the earth and the sun, and such a combined field would still be stationary relative to the earth, in complete agreement with the M.M. experiment.

There still remains to be considered, however, the rotation of the earth on its axis. Since the earth’s axis is approximately perpendicular to the plane of its orbit about the sun, it necessarily follows that since the earth’s gravitational field remains tied up with that of the sun, the ether around the earth cannot partake of the rotation of the earth on its axis, but should produce an ether drift of about one-third of a mile per second at the equator, and less elsewhere. That such an ether drift actually exists was proved by the Michelson-Gale experiment in 1925, further details of which will be found in my book.

The finite velocity of light proves that the ether must have mass and inertia, but how is that possible with an ether which is not granular or corpuscular? In my book I advanced the proposition that inertia is really a property of motion rather than a property of matter, because motion without inertia would be a contradiction in terms. Inertia merely means continuity of motion, and without continuity there could not be any motion. Continuity must be either toward and from infinity or around in a circle or other closed path, and wherever it is in a closed path it will appear as localized inertia, which is just another name for mass. With mass thus accounted for, it is not difficult to account for matter, because matter is nothing but a highly concentrated form of localized mass. Less concentrated forms of localized mass are electric and magnetic fields, but this does not include the gravitational field, which is something very different.

Similar considerations are also applicable to the ether. Any ether which actually exists must have mass and inertia, because an ether without mass and inertia is inconceivable. If, however, we are correct in our interpretation of mass and inertia as properties of motion, then it necessarily follows that the only kind of ether which can conceivably exist is a dynamic or turbulent ether. The perfectly quiescient and stagnant ether of the 19th century was therefore a theoretical impossibility.

The concept of motion forms an adequate basis for everything in nature, provided we are not too inquisitive as to what it is that moves. We do not need to let this difficulty embarrass us, however, because physicists in dealing with wave mechanics have been confronted with the same difficulty, but have not been seriously deterred thereby. It seems to be the general opinion among 20th century physicists that the concept of motion is complete in itself, even in the apparent absence of anything that moves. On the other hand the 19th century physicists would have pronounced such a view untenable.

It seems that the solution of this problem is to be found in a compromise between the 19th and 20th century viewpoints. Motion with out anything that moves is indeed inconceivable, but if We assume that the world has always existed and never had any beginning, then there never was a time when we would have been confronted with any such difficulty. The world at any instant is adequately accounted for by considering it as the result of the world at the instant immediately preceding. Since continuity is a necessary property of motion, the existence of an ether in motion at the present instant necessarily presupposes the existence of a similar ether in motion at the instant immediately preceding, and wherever there is an ether in motion there must also be mass by virtue of that motion.

Round Robin (Vol. 11, 4/6; Nov./Dec. 1955)

In my previous article on “The Existence of an Ether”, the subject was treated from an astronomical standpoint, and it will now be considered from the ‘standpoint of the Sagnac experiment which is just as important as the Michelson-Morley experiment, although not as well-known as the latter.

The Sagnac experiment was first performed in 1915 in France in an effort to disprove Einstein’s theory of relativity, and with minor variations has been repeated several times since then, but always with the same positive results. It consisted of splitting a beam of monochromatic light into two component beams which were sent in opposite directions around the periphery of a turntable by means of mirrors until they met again at the opposite end of the table so as to produce interference fringes which were recorded on a photographic plate. When the table with all the apparatus on it was slowly rotated the interference fringes were shifted by an amount equal to what the shift would be if the light waves traveled in a medium that was stationary relative to the earth. As long as the table remained stationary, the light waves in the two component beams would traverse the same distance, namely half the circumference of the table. As soon as the table was rotated, however, the light waves of one beam would have to traverse a greater distance than those of the other beam because the photographic plate on which the interference fringes were recorded would then be moving toward the light waves of one beam and away from those of the other beam.

Since the time of travel in each beam must remain the some, any difference in the lengths of the two paths would have to result in a displacement of the interference fringes in the one direction or the other.

The same positive result was obtained regardless of whether the source of light was carried by the turntable or was on a stationary support adjacent to the turntable, which rules out any attempted explanation based on the movement of the source of light. The only possible explanation for the shifting of the interference fringes when the table is rotated is that the light waves of the two component beams travel in a medium, namely an “ether”, which is stationary relative to the earth, or more specifically relative to the earth’s gravitational field, and which does not partake to any measurable extent of the rotation of the turntable.

The Sagnac experiment is therefore in complete agreement with George Stokes’ interpretation of the Michelson-Morley experiment because the gravitational field of the turntable is negligible in comparison with the gravitational field of the earth.

See also:

“The Ether and its Vortices” by Carl F. Krafft
Outside the stagnant channels of “mainstream” science, leading research is now showing the vortex to be a vital key in understanding the subatomic level of nature. This comprehensive book is Krafft’s masterwork covering: The Hydromechanical Ether, Subatomic Vortices, The New Vortex Atoms, Radioactivity and Atomic Fission, the Nuclear Theory Disproved, and more.

THE ETHERWORLD OF
THE PLANETARY SPHERES

being Chapter I of

The Etheric World in Science, Art, and Religion

(Volume II of the Etheric Formative Forces in Cosmos, Earth, and Man)

by Dr. Guenther Wachsmuth

Are Science, Art and Religion the work of man alone? Would they have taken the same form even if the Earth on which man lives, learns, thinks, had assumed a form different from that which we now experience? To what extent does Man create his Science, Art, and Religion out of his own force and his own being, or, out of the force and being of the Earth? To find the well-spring from which Science, Art, and Religion are born, we must try to recognise the common destiny of Cosmos, Earth, and Man, to establish how the life-history of the one trinity is bound by the laws of evolution to the life history of the other trinity, to discover, finally whether Man cannot grow into a free creative being within this common destiny.

To understand the microcosm, in investigating living things, we must begin with the study of the macrocosm. For in organic life, not only do forces radiate from some central focus, influencing the world around, but more important still are the impulses which work inward from outside the Earth. These are the forces, which radiating inward from cosmic space, fashion the microcosmic entity and determine the process of its evolution. Hence, in order to understand the working of consciousness, and also of physico-material and etheric forces, to realise how these evolve within the Earth-Sphere, and become the substance of the Science, Art, and Religion of Man upon Earth, we must first make for ourselves a picture of these formative forces which coming into it from the etheric sphere of the planets set to work to shape the Earth-Sphere.

The forces of planets and other heavenly bodies cannot be fathomed by a purely quantitative phenomenology. A sublime decree, a rhythm reigning in space and time, an organic plan, forms the basis of this world of forces, which once its principles are recognised, gives meaning and order to all single phenomena, and reveals a part of the hidden primal plan of those creature forces, whereby the When and the Where of all evolution was established, and is still maintained, in an enduring world-harmony.

The cosmic genesis – from the point of view of time – presents a process of condensation, whether we follow its evolution materially from the “primal nebula” to the solid mineral earth, or genetically from the purely spiritual to the condensed content of our present sense perception. Similarly in space, a rhythmic process of condensation is indicated in the plan, the “rough draft of the Cosmos.”

We showed (in Vol I. Ch. 2, et seq.,) that four etheric formative forces give rise to and govern our world-organism.

As a mighty tidal wave releases ever new undulations and rhythms, even so the creative forces surging inward from cosmic space waken, in exalted rhythm, ever new spheres of force. In this way each new force-sphere creates always, even under altered laws – new conditions of material substance.

If we set the earth-planets, as the true starting-point of our investigations, in the centre of these happenings, the accompanying figure results.

It shows a macrocosmic genesis in space and time, repeating itself rhythmically and increasing toward the centre, through ever new conditions of existence. We see the force-sphere of each planet governed by its special formative force; as follows:

As then the four etheric formative forces have evolved phylogenetically out of one another in a definite series (warmth, light, chemical and life ether) in time, so also they govern the arrangement of the planet system in space, in similar succession and harmony.

The wave of the four formative forces surges from the region of Saturn to that of the Sun, and then releases a second wave which governs the world-spheres between Sun and Earth. The Sun-sphere is the starting-point of new force-wave, which is a repetition of the first rhythm.

If we now pursue the wave-beat of the formative force spheres further inward, we penetrate into the sphere of the Earth. But while the first two rhythms of the series were of equal strength when we penetrate into the region of terrestrial law, steps in that primal rule of reversal, of turning upside down, which we have shown, in Vol. I., to be binding on both macrocosmic and microcosmic evolutionary processes. When the world-rhythms reach the Earth, they release, not a rhythm of the same series of force-spheres (warmth, light, chemical, life-ether), but a wave tumbling over itself; as it were, so that the force-spheres follow one another in exactly the opposite order (life, chemical, light, warmth-ether) a process of reversal which likes the outside in, and the inside out, and is repeated many times within the Earth-globe, and toward its centre. While this third reversed wave dies out within the still purely etheric Earth-envelope, let us penetrate with its last, inmost series into the real substance world of the Earth; into that heat-covering which surrounds the Earth-globe, and which encroaches upon the atmospheric phenomena of the Earth’s air-envelope in ways which have been shown by many meteorological examples in Vol. I, For here we are on ground which we already know.

If the organisation of the Earth-sphere, (as it appeared from the study of geological, meteorological and terrestrial-magnetic phenomena in Vol. I) be set here in the series of planet-spheres, we now see that the Earth, in her organisation, mirrors in wonderful harmony the rhythm of the macrocosm, and that the law of reversal, of turning upside down, governs this reflection of the microcosmic spheres within the Earth.

ARRANGEMENT RESULTING FOR THE EARTH

a-d, purely etheric spheres of the Earth’s envelope
1-4, outer Earth
5-7, inner Earth

Hence…

1 = 7 = d
2 = 6 = c
3 = 5 = b
4 = a

I – IV, outer planet-spheres, 1st wave.
V – VII, inner planet-spheres, 2nd wave.

REVERSAL

a – d, purely etheric spheres of the Earth’s envelope, 3rd wave.

REVERSAL

1 – 4, outer Earth, 4th wave.

REVERSAL

5 – 7, inner Earth, 5th wave.

If we glance once more at the figure of these formative rhythms moving from without inward, the sublime principle of the spheres of formative force, we realise that the 1st formative force wave created the spheres of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun.

The 2nd created the spheres of Mercury, Venus, Moon, to Earth. The 3rd led to the organisation of the outer, purely etheric Earth envelope. The 4th to the organisation of the outer Earth (heat-covering, atmosphere, hydrosphere, solid Earth). The 5th, to the organisation of the inner Earth.

Five times the mighty formative force wave makes a new onset, releasing and giving impulse to innumerable new rhythms in each of the spheres produced. Twice the waves are repeated in the same way, then they are reversed three times: first, as they pass from the region altogether outside the Earth into the outermost etheric Earth-sphere (the third wave), again as they pass into the atmospheric outer Earth, and thirdly, as they pass into the interior of the Earth.

Now when we investigate the effects of these cosmic formative forces, for example, on the plant-growth of the Earth’s surface, we must remember that the growth of plants, as already shown in Vol. I presents a triple rhythm of expansion and contraction. This threefold rhythm of plant-growth is, however, only a continuation of that fourfold rhythm in the alternation of expanding and contracting forces, which governs the planetary spheres from the outermost, right in to the Earth’s surface. When we see in each alternation of expansion and contraction, a breathing rhythm of the Cosmos, we recognise that the four breathing rhythms which flow from the outermost spheres of cosmic formative force right in to the Earth’s surface, are there in part reflected, and then release three breathing-rhythms of plant-growth in the opposite direction. Thus seven breathing-rhythms of the formative forces take part in the cooperation of cosmos and Earth for the creation of at terrestrial plant. By this natural means the planetary constellations exercise an important influence on the differentiation of plant-growth. We understand now why the ancient Indian wisdom spoke of the “breath of Brahma,” and Christian wisdom of the “breath of God.” This process, may be diagrammatically illustrated in the following way:

We recognise the world-harmony of this formative force wave, surging with its shaping influence, from outside in, and again from inside out Thus we obtain a deep and satisfying insight into the plan of creation.

We are reminded of the “harmonices mundi” of Kepler, and the magnificent song in which Goethe speaks of the “brother-spheres”:

Now to understand the individual phenomena shown by the systematic arrangement of the different planets in this macrocosmic system: their density, visibility, color, etc., we must study yet another law which underlies the force-world of these spheres. If we describe the planets Saturn, Jupiter and Mais as “outer” planets, and, on the other hand, Mercury, Venus and the Moon as “inner” planets, another distinction is established between the first force-wave which formed the “outer,” and the second force-wave which formed the “inner” heavenly bodies. While, to wit, in the first rhythm, the phylogenetically older group of formative forces (warmth and light-ether) predominates, in the second rhythm, which is dying out within the world-organism, the phylogenetically later group (chemical and life-ether) in general predominates. So that each individual force-sphere of the “outer” planets is modified in its influence by the first group of forces, while every individual of the “inner” spheres is modified, that is, strengthened or weakened in its peculiar properties, by the second group of forces.

In the outer planets, taken collectively, warmth- and light-ether preponderate.

In the inner planets, taken collectively, chemical- and life-ether preponderate.

So, for instance, Mars, which, as an individual planet, is chiefly governed by the chemical ether because it belongs at the same time to the combined group of outer planets, is modified by the forces of warmth – and light-ether, that is, it is weakened in its peculiar properties. Saturn and Jupiter, which, even as individual planets, are subject to the warmth- and light-ether, are, on the contrary, strengthened. The Moon, which as an individual planet is subject to the chemical ether, because it belongs to the group of inner planets, is strengthened in its essential character by the chemical and life-ether forces which govern the inner planet-spheres. Mercury and Venus, which are warmth- and light-ether planets in the inner group, are nevertheless modified by the forces which govern that combined group.

All individual phenomena which we can read and register by observation of the planets, their position in the Cosmos, their density, their colour, their ray-force, their condition as a whole, now arrange themselves rationally in the system presented above; indeed, they can be established organically and intelligibly only by this means. From a more or less chaotic registration of innumerable data determined by observation, we can pass on to a systematic reasonable explanation based on fundamental harmonious principles. From an insight into the plan of the world-structure, we can unriddle the purpose, the composition and the articulation of every link, of every “building-stone” in the fabric of the world. That Saturn must have a minimum and the Moon a maximum density, these are no longer peculiar apparently arbitrary facts which we can merely register; on the contrary, they result organically and as a matter of course from our knowledge of the world organism and its arrangement. From being astonished observers of one-sided details we become fellow-thinkers in the world plan.

Let us remember, for instance, that the individual formative forces lead to the following four different conditions of substance:

Warmth-ether to a condition of warmth
Light-ether to a gaseous condition

Chemical-ether to a fluid condition
Life-ether to a solid condition

So that the two forces of the first group operate in an expanding, centrifugal way, while those of the second group have a contracting, centripetal effect — a fact which we can demonstrate by many examples in quite distinct realms of natural philosophy. Hence, it is a natural consequence of the formative forces which govern there, that Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, which belonging to the outer planet-group, are controlled by heat- and light-ether, should show much less density than Mercury, Venus and the Moon, which, belonging to the inner planet-group, are controlled by the centripetal condensing forces of chemical- and life-ether. The outer planets, built up in the domain of the first ether-group, are more foreign by far to the dense substance of the Earth, than the inner planets, built up in the domain of the second group. Among the inner planets-working from without inward the centripetal forces of condensation preponderate for the first time, becoming stronger, more intense, in the third and fourth wave, right into the solid Earth.

The inner planets are, therefore, denser than the outer, not only because they have come into existence later (Kant-Laplace Nebula theory), that is for a time-reason, but also, for a space-reason, because — in accordance with the plan of macrocosmic world-structure — they are still within the domain of that sphere-group where centripetal, contracting formative forces preponderate. The outer planets, on the contrary, are still – in space – within the domain of those sphere-groups where the dissolving centrifugal etheric formative forces preponderate.

If we know the principle given above of the etheric system of this Cosmos, we can predict, without reading it off by observation, that Saturn, being allied to the warmth-ether, must have a finer condition, lying above the solid, fluid and gaseous, precisely a warmth-ether condition; and this is verified by observation. From the ether-theory we can predict that Jupiter, because lying in the light-ether sphere, must show a condition chiefly analogous to the terrestrial gaseous state; that Mars, governed by the chemical ether, must exhibit distinct traces analogous to the terrestrial fluid condition; and to all this confirmation is given by observation and practical knowledge. From the ether-theory, from the cosmic arrangement of formative forces, we can detect in the most clear fashion the properties of a heavenly body, and in doing so we shall discover that the individual facts correspond exactly with the
general principles.

    (1) The importance, therefore, of this knowledge of etheric formative forces, lies in the possibility, not only of logically interpreting the heavenly bodies, as in Kant-Laplace’s Nebula Theory, from the genetic principles, but also – of being able to expound a spatial principle of force-systems in the universe.

    (2) Suppose, for instance, the planet Saturn were hurled out of its orbit by some cosmic occurrence, and landed in the Moon-sphere, it would rapidly become dense and rigid; on the other hand, if the Moon, freed from the fetters of Earth, should be hurled into the Jupiter-sphere, it would soon expand into a gaseous wandering star of great size, in obedience to the formative forces governing that cosmic sphere.

The contraction and densification of the planets is not only a result of decreasing temperature, but both phenomena – decreasing temperature and contraction – are results of the influence of the force-group of chemical and light-ether, which stamps its character on the inner spheres of cosmic substance.

Even Jupiter, dwelling now in the light-ether sphere and shedding its gleaming golden beams into the universe, would, if it passed into the warmth-ether sphere of Saturn, take on the drab colourlessness of that planet, which receives no light of is own from the warmth-ether governing it. Mars, on the other hand, which now, through the chemical ether of its own sphere, has dimmed the light-ether forces governing the outer planets, and hence shows the darker colour-tones of red and blue, would, if it were to pass into the pure light-ether gleaming sphere of Jupiter, brighten into Jupiter’s gleaming, yellow-gold. Similarly Venus, belonging to the light-ether sphere of the inner planets, is distinguished from the other wandering stars by its outstanding brightness. For that reason also, Venus, the morning-star, bore in old days, the significant name of “Lucifer”, “Phosphorus”, the “Light-bearer.” The dullness of Saturn, and, in contrast, the powerful light of Jupiter and Venus are, then, not accidental circumstances, not can they be ascribed alone to the respective densities of their atmospheres, nor to any questionable secondary cause; they are dependent on the region to which the individual heavenly body belongs, within the differing etheric waves of the world-forming forces. Now whether we are studying density, light-intensity, colour, or any other property of the planets, it will always become explicable by the ether-theory; and each phenomenon will, in the end, be evidence for the all-governing principle and harmony imprinted on the universe and its individual spheres by the formative forces.

After studying the planets, the wandering stars, something may be said here too of the relation between the fixed stars and the different formative forces.

Actually the expression “etheric” ceases to be correct for the formative forces which hold sway in the region of the fixed stars, for the forces in that region bear characteristics other than the pure etheric. But a presentation of these peculiarities would lead beyond our limits, and the analogies and contrasts are of such a nature that it is not necessary in this connection to translate them into the force-speech of the fixed-star region, especially as their effects are only experienced through the medium of the etheric. We can therefore for the present disregard such niceties.

In earlier, differently acquired knowledge of this relationship, spoke indeed of “fiery, airy, watery and earthy” signs and constellations of the Zodiac. In this view lies something more than a childish picture-puzzle as we of today often carelessly suppose; the secret of an actual matter-of-fact is concealed in it. If we study the formative forces of the separate signs of the Zodiac, four groups, each containing three constellations, appear, in such a way that each group is governed by one of the formative forces, which, together give the twelve-fold plan of the Zodiac.

We have then sets of three constellations which are thus allied:

The deeper we penetrate through knowledge of the formative forces, into the diversity of the fixed-star spheres, discovering there the laws of Nature which regulate them, the more astonished we are to see what deep relationships our forefathers revealed in the images corresponding to their way of expressing themselves. So that it cannot be the mission of our age lightly to accuse thousands of human generations of absurdity, but often, rather to express the same truth in our own language, that is, to decipher and review the facts revealed in the study of forces, according to our consciousness instead of in the picture-speech of the ancients.

Let us turn again to the region of the wandering stars. That the planets and their spheres naturally undergo a constant metamorphosis, and in their positions and shifting relations to one another are subjected to an alteration, generally organically slow, but sometimes sudden, is shown by the history of each of the planets. Facts taught by the Mysteries of old, and by the researches of spiritual science since, for instance, that the Moon was once severed from the Earth, and will one day join with it again. Such facts have become in the natural philosophy of today, acknowledged constituents of our conception of the universe.

Concerning two points in this question, opinions are indeed still divided, and require a nearer approach and a clearer understanding, namely, concerning this epoch of the severing and the reuniting of the Earth and the Moon, and concerning the nature of the consequences which result from these events.

Professor Emanuel Kayser says in his lucid, comprehensive “Textbook of Geology” (p.17), “Actually the Moon and the Earth form a double planet which moves round a common centre of gravity about the Sun. Originally the two bodies must have formed a coherent mass, from which the Moon only later disengaged itself.”

Concerning the Moon’s reapproach to the Earth from which it was split off, Professor Joseph Plassmann says in the first volume of his “Himmelskunde (Astronomy),” which has already been mentioned several times in Vol. 1. (p. 320)

“The movement of our own Moon has experienced in thousands of years a slight acceleration, independent of its many periodic inequalities, and after study of the relationships between the Earth and the Moon”, he also concluded that, “the attraction must increase, and so quicken the movement of revolution; this actual acceleration exists as well as the apparent one; and even though the system moves in so fine a resisting medium, yet the theory shows that the two bodies are getting nearer and nearer to each other, and in the end must crash together.” These statements coincide exactly, then, with the researches of spiritual knowledge, although modern theory generally postpones the reentrance of the Moon to a distant future reckoned in millions of years, whereas Dr. Rudolf Steiner estimated a period no later than 8,000 years hence for the reuniting of the Moon with the Earth. Though the interval of time occupied in the severing and reuniting of the heavenly bodies may still be under discussion, yet the nebula-theory and the view of spiritual science are at one in this that the whole of the fixed stars, the wandering stars and the satellites once belonged to a common, united heavenly body, then separate from this, and differentiated themselves, finally to strive toward union again. To avoid falling into a complicated registration of facts in our knowledge of the bodies which have been thus differentiated, we must study those impulses and forces, whose work is this process of differentiation and reuniting. To this study the etheric world is the key. But while we make use of this key to penetrate into the hidden chambers of the universe, we must not forget that, in furnishing us with it, the world-forces whose tool it is, are calling us into cooperation.

Summarising we can say: The planetary spheres outside the earth are formed, governed and systematised by a two-fold etheric wave and each of such waves hears within it – in space – the same rhythm which has led- phylogenetically in time – from the coming into existence of the warmth-ether, on to the light-ether, to the chemical and to the life-ether. This outer two-layered sphere-world is continued inward into the three-layered world of the Earth-spheres. Between the spheres of the outermost Earth-waves, which form the purely etheric Earth-envelope, and the innermost sphere-world, which forms the inside of the Earth, there lies, as a rhythmic adjustment, the atmospheric outer covering of the Earth. If this intermediary layer were not there, the polarically contrasted principles of the purely etheric Earth-envelope and the wholly-material Earth-body, would necessarily bring about a violent catastrophic adjustment of their difference. Cosmic and Earth-principles would promptly come into collision, and mutually destroy each other. Now, however, the elastic, atmospheric covering of the Earth acts as a separating and softening mediator, bearing within itself something of both polarities, and thus making it possible for man to live in a sphere where the war between cosmic and terrestrial polarities is toned down to the more peaceful skirmishing of atmospheric weather-changes. Mankind of today is exposed to wind and rain, heat and cold, thunder and lightning, hail and snow, the finely powdered dust of former volcanic lavas from the interior of the Earth, and the dust of former cosmic meteorite swarms in our atmosphere; and what are all these meteorological occurrences but a softening, mitigating adjustment of above and below, outer and inner, through the intermediary spheres of the three-layered Earth, in which Mankind of today, with his consciousness, his body-building formative forces and substances can develop his characteristic being.

The complete text of “The Etheric Formative forces in Cosmos, Earth and Man: A Path of Investigation into the World of the Living” by Guenther Wachsmuth is available through our Borderland Sciences Research Catalog. Essential reading for understanding the nature and workings of energy and matter. Includes: New Theory of Motion; Organic and Inorganic World; Etheric Formative Forces; Breathing Process of the Earth Organism; Circulatory Process of the Earth Organism; Rotation of the Earth; Etheric Currents in the Earth Organism; Gravitation and Terrestrial Magnetism; The Sun; The Planets and their Spheres; The Interior of the Earth; Ontogenetic Origin and Disappearance of Substance; New Theory of Light & Color; Tone; The Dissolution of Radioactivity; Shape-Building Forces and Archetypal Forms in Nature; Etheric Formative Forces & the Art of Healing.

Review by Gerry Vassilatos of Sir Oliver Lodge’s “The Ether of Space” (1909) — from Journal of Borderland Research (Vol. 47, No. 5, Sept-Oct 1991)

“General view of whirling part of Ether machine, with pair of steel disks, and motor.” (p. 76, “The Ether of Space”)

Students of the physical sciences are well acquainted with the illustrious name of Sir Oliver Lodge. This one name not only conjures up images of Victorian England and the ivy-covered walls of British Academia but far, far more. Like Baron von Reichenbach in his time, Sir Oliver Lodge was one of those academicians who dared delve into the paraphysical worlds. He was possessed of sufficient personal force, regional respect, and positional power to make his researches serious enough to be considered by his peers. The companions of Baron von Reichenbach would not be quite so kind with their illustrious colleague in Germany, but Sir Oliver ever held the distinction of respect among his contemporaries. It is in this very text, so long unobtainable, that Sir Oliver Lodge actually begins the jump from the material world into the aetheric and astral worlds. His researches are herein chronicled in a superbly British style. The atmosphere of the volume is artfully Victorian, covering that magnificent time of the 1890′s. It is a fitting tribute to these predecessors that Borderland is making such excellent works available at out own century’s turn.

Sir Oliver Lodge was one of those theoretician-experimenters, sufficiently versed in the most important frontiers of physics in his day. Awash in an ocean of new and stunning possibilities afforded the scientists of his time, he was quick to grasp the singular importance of all varieties of experiments having to do with the Aetheric Continuum. He himself had designed, built, and tested his own “aether machines” in hopes of discovering some knowledge concerning spatial realities and dynamics. Though his initial discoveries actually gave strongly positive results, we shall see that the sufficiently powerful pressures of certain academic groups would force him to so alter his views and experimental procedures, that no detection of aetheric drifts could he reported. One feels, intuitively in all these reports of his (throughout the text) that Dr. Lodge remained truly disappointed and aesthetically unable to accept the explanations of all the many “negative results” found. We also become aware of the numerous researchers (world-wide) who performed different kinds of tests directly upon the aetheric continuum. These tests were made in order to determine very specific aspects and qualities of the aether.

Each such experiment was performed from an inertialistic viewpoint, discounting all subjective sensation or participation in the aetheric sensual presence. The inertialists were predictably destined to remain alienated amid the aetheric worlds, being quite incapable of detecting any but the inertial effects of light beams upon the aethers. This base of flawed axioms was responsible, in total, for the many failed readings and falsely assumed means of performing aether tests. In spite of these varieties of failures, we yet find numerous examples of positive readings amid the garden. We remain awestruck over the many varieties of ether examinations, and are genuinely devoted to such flowing gems of endeavor; they stand forth against the blackness of space as rare flowers.

Though underground researchers are aware of the detection experiments which had given strong positive reactions to a drifting aether, we find Dr. Lodge speaking between the lines to us at every turn. All too capable of handling the rigors of mathematical explanations and the mind-distorting twists of the relativists, Sir Oliver has let us know that the Victorian views of Aether and Space yielded a more potent and fruitful legacy than that which was to follow (relativity theory). The text, originally presented as a series of lectures, should be required reading by everyone in the underground scientific academy. It is, I believe, the most thoroughly comprehensive notation of the state-of-affairs at that pivotal time period in science history. The text deals almost entirely with the opto-mechanical species of inertial aether-reading devices.

His first chapter leads us into the ancient waters of time; the history of “aether” and “aetherion” has timelessly archaic roots. Allowing us to glimpse clearly into the true nature of aether as “dreamy, mythical space” he takes us into the growing inertialistic view which climaxed during his day. The analogies given by his predecessors, through which attempts were made to isolate the geometro-ponderant effects of aethereal substance, is recounted to us. Dr. Lodge retells his own mathematical examinations of the incomprehensibly multiple aspects of the (inertial) aether. Its seeming tensile strength in excess of any known metal, its unbelievable transparency and near-vacuous gossamer-like quality, its ability of supporting magneto-electric and gravitic fields, its ability of conducting varieties of wave phenomena, as well as other inconsistent aspects – all these are thoroughly discussed. We found his analogies between gravitation and steel columns especially fascinating. We know that he was to delve into paraphysical research, even as Sir William Crookes had done; we sense that he is on the verge of uttering the inner conviction that aether is far more than “ultra-substance” – something possibly incapable of being measured by mere physical device.

Chapter 2 and 3 bring us into and through the pertinent theories of his day. The aether as “interstellar medium” is broadly discussed in strictly physical terms. All the astrophysical observations made up to that date are clearly presented in a thorough discussion. This includes certain optical principles, aberrations of light in space, light beams through the interstellar medium, and the critically important concepts of Fizeau and Fresnel: to prove the mutual effects of material, aether, Space-viscosity and inertiality. Nearly every possible aspect of interactions between aether and materials, or aether and light beams, is presented for the reader. This is, perhaps, the best textbook for retracing the very steps which led to the brink of relativity theory, and the subsequent misdirection science had decided to accept wholeheartedly. Theories of light, aberration, effects of media, refraction – indeed, all the phenomena associated with fundamental (inertial) light principles are brought together under one chapter heading. There is possibly no other text which I have found to be so direct and comprehensive in such historical matters.

The fourth chapter portrays all the designs for mechanical aether-detecting machines. The engraving which show us these almost forgotten alternative experiments are truly wonderful. We are given the marvelous sense of his time; days of private invention, free-enterprise cottage industry, and empirical experiment. In these drawings and their intended purpose, described by our eloquent narrator, we are made to understand the very great difficulty of designing mechanical aether-sensitive machines. Sir Oliver, a true professor of the academic world, explains in summary fashion the theoretical reasons for choosing certain designs. The accompanying optical requirements, degrees of accuracy, and expected findings are presented to us. Of course, one feels the weight of concern and embarrassment in this lecturer’s words at every mention of a “negative” result. The very structure of the scientific paradigm was “balanced upon a pinpoint” in Space, and these aether machines were far more than mere measuring devices. As the inertialists conceived the ethers, limiting and defining them in the absence of personal participation, so they proceed in their determinations.

Dr. Lodge has presented the case held by the community of his day concerning the many reasons for seeking certain aether-drifts. He also mentions other aetheric drifts believed to exist; recounting the history preceding the choice of specific materio-aetheric interactions. It is here that we are made to understand exactly why certain aether-machines were designed. The inertial physics, invariable conclusions of the “realism” which took hold of academic circles, led all the eyes of science to these aethero-physic devices (we will describe this aspect in a subsequent article). The quest of the inertialists was destined to failure by spectator-scientists and their flawed logic. What can only be known through participational experience, what can rarely be (inertially) measured, was sought. To find the Very Absolute remains the aim of all science. It is at such edges of perception that the participant realized the true experience of mind-expansion. The reactions of Space during such expansion, and the intelligent astral regions explored and adored by more (archaic) sensitive races, must he rediscovered and developed. When each age seeks to determine the foundations of Absolute experience, it is then that new technology appears. As each questing group extends the borderlands of understanding so we reach new exposed heights. Dr. Lodge has gone into great detail concerning the aether-drift sought, and the various means of measuring those drifts, we see this important text as increasingly vital in tracing out clues to our present academic positions. Realizing errors, omissions, and successes of the quest (for identifying the aetheric continuum), we will personally ask strangely new and potent question.

Each Victorian device is explained with sufficient brevity as to permit a rapid acquisition of “Victorian” understanding. We are shown the simplicity of certain schemes made to measure the various aether-drifts, and the strangeness of the (supposed) “negative effects”. Of course Lodge was perplexed, searching for answers to this powerful paradox. Though he knows more than he says, he shows us the utter frustrations involved with the experiments. Some used specially treated optical paths.

A thorough examination of expected opto-aetheric mutations is given (shifts in light frequency, velocity, persistence of ray-linearity, and mode of propagation). He gives reasons why optical paths were chosen in the very first place. He finally recounts the Michelson interferometer as detector of infinitesimal movements, and its importance as a diagnostic tool in possibly detecting drifts in a static aether. [Curiously enough, none of these inertial aether-explorers questioned their negative results as powerful confirmations of the geocentric theory of reality. It was always assumed that both earth-rotation and earth-revolution would be revealed as fringe-shifts in optical aether detectors. But such motions were never to he found. Each positive effect was always one which revealed a "cosmical" motion: one whose specific angularity of effect seemed to descend from Space. No earth motion has ever been found. Sir Oliver's findings always involved gliding fringes across the field of view.] Fizeau used running water to slur the aether. Hook, Mascart, and Jamin used stagnant water as a medium for amplifying the aether “slur effect” upon light beams. Fresnel discussed the effects of very thick glass upon aether and light.

Chapter 5 allows us an in-depth look at some very different experiments performed in the aethereal surroundings. These were the attempts of Dr. Lodge to find aetheric drifts through the use of aethereal viscosity (which none of the others had attempted in free air). These experiments of Lodge were novel, and display his attachment to certain paraphysical concepts. The experimental apparatus of Lodge allowed introduction of electrical and magnetic charges. The significance of these latter experiments, especially in their defined effect upon gravitation, would later be revealed in time by such notables as Nipher, T. Brown, Saxl, and others. Sir Oliver chose a design which incorporated a stack of very heavy metallic discs which were to he rotated rapidly. This device was, essentially, a Tesla turbine. Its massive presence was effective in creating shears within the aether.

His hope of stirring and dragging the viscous aether by such an “aetheric engine” was fulfilled: we find Dr. Lodge making the astounding first report of a positive result. In the light of the subsequent experiments by Michelson and Gale (in which Michelson himself attempted to prove his multiple measurements of a positive effect), and the excellently documented experiments of Miller (in another great publication by Borderland), Lodge himself recounts his astonishment at the initial findings. Yet, we see him believe, doubt, and sink – in that very order! He says that he was “unable to believe” these findings – he “distrusted” the spectacle which was repeatedly witnessed in the eyepiece of his apparatus (pages 73-75); a fascinating recovery of historical significance!

The reader of this text will obtain, first hand, the fascinating description of Dr. Lodge’s “spurious positive effects” made with neutral, electrified, and magnetized whirling discs. Informing us more than he realized, Professor Lodge offers a grand bibliography for further branching studies. It is obvious that Lodge continued to maintain the belief in an aetheric continuum in spite of all criticisms (the results of experimental evidences). Not having seized his positive results, and failing to see them as true records of aetheric driftings, he conceived every other possibly alternative to explain his continued belief in aether.

Chapters 6 & 7 are marvelous sources for those interested in the zero-point dynamics. We are presented with a thorough discussion of the density, material viscosity, energetic equivalences and independent nature of the aetheric medium and its quasi-physical aspects. While we have developed concepts of the aether as forms of Space (and personal resonances of awareness within those spaces), we are shown the steps of Victorian inertialists in their quest toward the astral knowledge, Dr. Lodge brings us into the deep waters of subjects such as aetheric strength, aetheric energy and material substance, material presence and aetheric energies. Students of Moray should read these topics in conjunction with the writings of Dr. Gustav Le Bon, (“Evolution of Matter” and “Evolution of Forces”).

The last chapters of the text are appendices. These excellent discussions of certain problems (essentially, the viscosity, strain, tensions, and potential energies of the aethers) round out the reader’s increasing fund of knowledge. The bibliography excellently serves us in branching outward into other periodically of that time period. Along with this text, we strongly suggest that the reader seek after articles which described electro-aetheric devices. [Phillip Lenard performed several such tests using Plucker discharge tubes, proving that Space conducts charge anisotropically. The works of Sagnac, who also found positive aether-drift results (using rotating tables of mirrors) should be sought out. The recent positive results of Maurice Cooke in Canada (1983), using magnetic fields and inert-gas laser-beams, must be studied closely. One also must begin to realize the all-importance of personal experience with aetheric currents and winds. Such findings have been reported by such notables as W. Reich, T. J. Constable, B. Payne, and H. Meinke in psychotronic applications. The works of others, who have employed devices which conduct aether directly, must be read (G. Hodowanec, T. T. Brown). The legendaries who discovered diurnal and seasonal variations in radionic-aetheric procedures must also be intensely studied: Abrams, S. Rodgers, T. G. Hieronymous, De LaWarr, L. Kolisko, R. Hauschka.] Many of these works are available through Borderland Sciences.

This text is a bibliomancer’s dream. Definitely a must for all aetheric researchers and for developers of new technology.

“The Ether of Space” by Sir Oliver Lodge

“Investigation of the nature and properties of the Ether of Space has long been for me the most fascinating branch of Physics, and I welcome the opportunity of attempting to make generally known the conclusions to which I have so far been led on this great and perhaps inexhaustible subject.” – Sir Oliver Lodge

Why does orthodox science refuse to consider the existence of an invisible ether? Among other serious experimenters, Lodge worked tirelessly to prove the reality of the ether. You can share his keen insights into the elusive but ever present ethereal spaces here. (Includes illustrations of experimental devices).

We offer a simple photocopy edition of “The Ether of Space” for those who would like to support the BSRF directly. PDF editions are available through Archive.org and Scribd.com.

Article by An Anonymous Friend — from Journal of Borderland Research (Vol. 46, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1990)

I only recently was handed my first copy of The Journal of Borderland Research (Vol. XLVL, No. 2), and found what was being discussed there quite intriguing. Having parallel interest, but coming from a slightly different viewpoint, I thought I would offer some comments. Not being familiar with all the preceding work, I have nevertheless made the assumption that the work of certain other thinkers on these problems is not known in your circles, as I found no evidence of the usual terminology and conceptual frame of reference. This was somewhat surprising since this work is founded on the impulse of Rudolf Steiner, and is an extension of the work of Goethe, both of whom were mentioned in various places in the Journal. Hopefully what follows will be helpful and a farther contribution to the ongoing interest in areas falling outside the traditions of mainstream science…

Of all that I read, the most interesting was the idea of the possibility of free energy, which I take to mean the construction of an electrical-magnetic device whose output exceeds its input. I have no problem with the idea that such a device can be, and may already have been, developed. I believe, however, it would be a serious error to conceive that the energy surplus is free, unless one only means to speak in terms of monetary considerations. The “energy” always comes from some “place”, and cannot in any sense be considered newly created. This is not to say that in the totality of cosmic happenings there is no newly created matter or energy, but rather that any electrical-mechanical process can only transmute one thing into another thing. Creative processes are of a whole other order, and while they can be observed in Nature, they are presently beyond man’s capacity to reproduce, except with regard to creative transformations in his own soul life (spiritual self development).

Leaving that aside, I would like to consider the problem of where might such surplus “energy” come from, assuming that by normal means of measurement we are already in a situation where the output exceeds the input. In looking at this question I want to be concerned primarily with the conception of “space”, secondarily with the conception of “force” and lastly with the distinction between Nature and sub-nature. I will be relying primarily on four works: Ernst Lehrs, “Man or Matter”; and George Adams, “Space and the Light of Creation”, “Physical and Ethereal Spaces”, and “Universal Forces in Mechanics”.

Before this, however, a few words should probably be said concerning the history of these ideas. The poet Goethe was also a natural scientist of quite unique capabilities. His scientific work languished until Rudolf Steiner re-awakened interest in it, and since Steiner’s time there has come into being a Goetheanistic Natural Science, which has yet only a few practitioners. Anyone who wishes to understand this new science should make the acquaintance of Lehrs’s book (above), which is subtitled: “Introduction to a Spiritual Understanding of Nature on the Basis of Goethe’s Method of Training Observation and Thought.” In addition it will be a desirable goal to come to terms with the philosophical / epistemological problems outlined in Steiner’s “The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe’s World Conception.”

The threshold problem, which for obvious reasons many people refuse to recognize, can be stated in the following way. Behind the world of phenomena stands a world of invisible Beings. To come then to a true understanding of the natural world, and of man and man’s role in it, it is necessary to come to an awareness and appreciation of Beings. Such knowledge cannot be won in one-sided fashion. We cannot force Nature to reveal secrets. Rudolf Steiner puts it this way (and in this recapitulates a very old approach): the laboratory must become an altar. True science is moral science, moral both in terms of the method of investigation as well as in application.

Now there is no question that mankind has forced from Nature certain “powers” which man applies for his needs and desires. But man does not understand these “powers”, or Nature, but rather weaves for himself an illusion. Moreover, this illusion is very seductive, and has the capacity to lead man away from his own true nature, from real self knowledge, and to make man a slave of the “powers” he worships. We all see this plainly as these “powers” more and more build their “body” in the age of the computer networks. A vast intelligence creates for itself an “electronic” nervous system, and weaves for itself a pseudo-persona, the mask of the friendly servant.

Not all the secrets of electricity have been discovered. Not all the “powers” evoked. The work of Keely, Tesla, et al., shows this clearly. The problem is: will man continue to invent new devices without realizing just with what he is dealing? Or, will he trouble himself to do more, to penetrate with his thinking Nature’s workshop, so that man is the master and not the slave.

In what follows it will only be possible to suggest a certain way of looking at phenomena. The reader who really wants to penetrate with his thinking these mysteries, and therefore be free of the seduction of electrical “powers”, will have to make his own way through the material.

What is electricity? Electricity is a special condition of “space”. We see this whenever we make a spark leap a gap. Before the leap, in the empty “space” between the leads, there is an increase of electrical potential, that is a “field” condition arises. Simultaneously with the spark, the “field” collapses. When the so-called alternating current is “moving” though a wire we have a cyclically potentiating and collapsing “field” present. The wire, by its spatial presence, constantly collapses the “field”. While this is far too brief, it has hints enough so that we can see that it is necessary to understand “space” a bit better.

Of all the illusory conceptions of modern mainstream science, one of the more fundamental concerns the idea of space. Ordinarily we conceive of space as this vast, empty container, which at some time in the past (the big bang) becomes filled with substance, which then organizes itself through the most amazing series of fortuitous accidents. Setting that aside, we can consider, as an alternative, the idea that space itself was created.

George Adam’s small book, “Space and the Light of Creation”, investigates this question as a problem in mathematical physics utilizing the conceptions of a special mathematics called either projective or synthetic geometry. The chapter headings are quite intriguing: 1. The Radiation of Space; 2.The Music of Number; 3. The Burden of Weight and the Sacrifice of Warmth. It is not possible to duplicate these ideas here, but a few hints can at least lead the reader in the right direction.

Projective geometry is all geometry; that is Euclidean, Reinman, Hilbert, non-Euclidean, all other geometries are special cases of projective geometry. Physical reality is a reflection (and vice versa) of this geometry. Space in the sense of projective geometry is bi-polar, that is, it is three dimensional at its “center” and two dimensional at its “periphery”. For example, a sphere with an infinite radius has a surface which is both “flat” and “curved” simultaneously. “Centric”, three dimensional, space is the place of physical “forces” and physical events, which “forces” are strongest at the “center”. Peripheral or ethereal space is the place of etheric (or life) “forces”, which are strongest at the periphery. “In the organic world we often have to do with forms arranged in layers more or less eccentrically about some nucleus or kernel. If we imagine such a process to have been brought about etherically – from the periphery instead of from within – quite new possibilities are opened out for the interpretation of such living forms.” (Adams, pp. 45, “Physical and Ethereal Spaces”)

Wherever we have to do with matter, or what we ordinarily consider as mass centered spatially extant bodies, we also have to do with a polar aspect, a counter-spatial (ethereal) component. “In all mechanical systems, be they at rest, be they in motion, elastic forces are involved . . . with every displacement of elastic balance, however small, shades of warmth arise . . . [leading to] . . . revelation of the dynamic interplay of space and counter-space elastic resistant forces of matter have to do with something . . . ethereal.” (Adams, pp. 2, “Universal Forces In Mechanics”).

Now space, according to this view, is created by Beings out of Light, Light is here used in the sense that Goethe developed in his Theory of Color, whereby color is a result of the “deeds and sufferings” of Light. At the centric pole of space, the relevant Beings create weight, or what we experience as gravity, and at the ethereal pole is created warmth (recall the surprising discovery that the background radiation of cosmic space is not absolute zero as expected, but in fact reveals the presence of heat phenomena, erroneously interpreted as evidence of the big bang).

The result is that all events which occur on the Earth where Nature unfolds her normal activity, and where man resides, occur within two primary “fields”; a centric or gravity “field” and an ethereal or levity “field”. (This and the following material are to be found in Lehrs’ “Man or Matter”.) All matter is gravity bound Light, into which is woven a portion of bound levity. The various traditional chemical elements represent different proportions and balances of the gravity and levity “fields”. One investigates these different proportions when one investigates the oxidation (combustion) properties of various kinds of matter. Again, in the properties of the table of elements (the periodic table), one finds the “musical” relation of these various proportions. Certain other relations are to be found in the different magnetic and electric properties of various kinds of matter.

Matter then is a property of Light under special conditions of space (Darkness).

Phenomenal Nature, i.e. matter in all its forms, is divided into four kingdoms. One can account for all the properties(or most all) of the Mineral and the Plant kingdoms through the complex interactions of the two “fields”, i.e. gravity and levity – life or etheric – (never forgetting meanwhile that at their root is the activity of Beings). The kingdoms of Man and of the Animal possess, in addition to matter and life, the properties of inwardness (consciousness) which both man and animal possess, and for man alone, the property of self awareness.

This phenomenal Nature, with its matter, life, inwardness and self consciousness has two boundaries, an upper and a lower. At the upper boundary is the threshold across which the relevant Beings act, that is the boundary across which “creative” deeds flow. Beyond the lower border, in the realm of sub-nature lie the “fallen” deeds, the fallen light and chemical ethers as described by Rudolf Steiner.

When we subject matter to certain transformations we “rouse” from its enchanted sleep this “fallen light”, i.e. electricity. This one passive “power” becomes available for our use, but due to its intrinsic nature, tends to lead civilization – to “stamp” civilization – with certain qualities. Thus we have a civilization fascinated, in fact enthralled, with its technological innovation, but blind to the consequences. For what we do to matter when we extract from it the electrical “power” latent in it is to age it. We hasten the cosmic aging of the Earth through the electrification of our civilization. (This also is the key to the yet to be understood medical disorders connected to this electrification.)

Thus, when we produce a device which is able to generate greater output than input, we have found a way to transmute matter through the interaction of its vibratory (musical) properties, and its electrical properties (gravity / levity balance). We have to keep in mind that the levity “field” is coextensive with the whole cosmos, so that when we alter that “held” where it is bound up with the gravity “held” in matter, we also alter it simultaneously at the cosmic periphery. The energy produced is not free, but in fact involves the aging and transmutation of the whole cosmos. We have extracted a “power” which was previously bound up in Nature, and this alters the whole of Nature.

To understand this process of “aging” a bit better, we need to enter into the old doctrine of the elements (which remains true, just misunderstood), i.e. the problems of fire, earth, air and water, and the related qualities of dry, moist, warm and cold. This old doctrine was based on a very Goetheanistic observation of Nature, which did not impose theories, but rather tried simply to describe Nature as carefully and accurately as possible.

Included in the doctrine of the elements is the idea of ponderable and imponderable substances. Michael Faraday, who is responsible for the fundamental observation of electrical and magnetic “held” theory, used just this terminology. Ponderable substances are those which have material density and weight. Fire and Air are imponderables, and do not refer to the air we breath or the flame we observe, but rather to certain qualitative characteristics. Consider the following statements from Lehrs:

“The element Fire reveals its attributes of warm and dry in a behavior which combines a tendency to dynamic expansion with a disinclination to enter into lasting combinations with the other elements. Thus the attribute, dry, belongs equally to pure flame and sheer dust, though for opposite reasons. Distinct from both these elements are the middle elements Water and Air; with them the attribute, moist, comes to expression in their tendency both to interpenetrate mutually and to absorb their neighbors – the liquid element absorbing solid matter and the aeriform element taking up heat. What distinguishes them is that water has a ‘cold’ nature, from which it gains its density while air has a ‘warm’ nature, to which it owes its tendency to expand.” (pp. 200, “Man or Matter”)

” . . . a magnetic held imparts to the relevant part of space qualities of density which otherwise prevail only in the interior of solid masses . . . the appearance of electricity miscaused by the loosening of the coherence of the material substance. A similar loosening of the coherence of the magnetic field takes place when its field-lines are cut by the movement of the conductor across it. Just as heat occurs when we move a solid object through a liquid, electricity occurs when we move a conductor across a magnetic held. In each case we interfere with an existing levity-gravity relationship.” (pp. 235, “Man or Matter”)

” . . . with every act of setting electromagnetic energies in motion we interfere with the entire levity-gravity balance of our planet by turning part of the earth’s coherent substance into cosmic ‘dust’.” (pp. 239, “Man or Matter”)

These facts make for an enormous responsibility.

One further refinement can be made. Those who seek after these secrets of Nature have a choice, a moral choice. This moral choice is personal, i.e. there is no absolute idea outside us which compels us, but rather it is a question of whether we ask ourselves just how responsible are we willing to be. It is plain from a study of those personalities who have made discoveries in science (even those who are Goetheanists, and therefore largely unknown), that what one finds out that is true and not illusory (and seductive) is dependent upon how one approaches Nature. Lehrs’ book is the best guide for this, for Nature is Herself desirous of letting Herself be known to those who approach with the right motives in their hearts. Sometimes it will come to such people to know things, but not to be able to produce them, to introduce them into civilization and to profit financially from them. The satisfaction has to be in the achievement of the right understanding. When investigations are made with an awakened conscience as to what may properly be done with that understanding, then there are no secrets which Nature will withhold.

It has been my hope, in writing these brief paragraphs, to point toward an ongoing work which I believe will be of definite interest to the readers of the Journal. I will end by making my own view as clear as possible.

The production of electricity, which has always been a very mysterious process, is in fact an act which steals from Nature the power by which matter is made coherent. Electrification destroys order, but on a subtle level; that is, the diminution of the levity-gravity balance does not immediately cause matter to “fall apart”, rather it “ages” the matter, weakens it and makes it less resistant to other forces.

We stand, especially in terms of the investigation of Keely and Tesla, upon the threshold of further “discoveries / inventions” revealing even deeper and more significant ways of deriving energy, for our desires, from electrical, magnetic and vibratory phenomena. To the extent we act in ignorance of the real consequences, we place ourselves in the danger of leading our civilization along a course determined not by our own free moral deeds, but rather by the seductive, of the energy (Being) itself.

It is not any accident of mythology that the ‘snake power’, the pranja of Eastern Kundalini practices, is sometimes thought to be related to the seemingly mechanical powers connected to electricity. Nor is it an accident that the ‘serpent’ is the great tempter of man in the Garden of Eden. Even materialistic science recognizes that the universe is a whole and can only be understood on the basis of principles which encompass its total nature. Which to me means Nature’s Being, consciousness, and moral characteristics.

Concerning the availability of books.

• “Man or Matter”, by Ernst Lehrs, PhD.
• “Space and the Light of Creation”, George Adams (1933)
• “Physical and Ethereal Spaces”, George Adams (1965)
• “Universal Forces in Mechanics”, George Adams (1977)
• “Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe’s World Conception”, Rudolf Steiner

Article by Jorge Resines — from Journal of Borderland Research (Vol. 45, No. 5, Sept.-October 1989)

In this article I want to bring to my fellow Borderlanders both translations of texts from old scientific journals and my personal viewpoint on the secret behind John Worrell Keely’s devices. In this text you will read how an Englishman built an apparatus similar to the “Hydro-Pneumatic-Pulsating-Vacuum Engine” built by Keely (and which is illustrated on pages 2 to 7 of Gray Barker’s book “Photographs and Drawings of John W. Keely’s Machines”) but with the difference that anybody who built it could make it work.

The origin of my information is France, but I think that more data must exist in England and the USA about the work of Mr. James Basset (maker of a Keely-type device), and therefore I suggest those with good public libraries nearby to avail themselves of as much complimentary information as is possible.

Have you ever wanted to hold a world on the palm of your hand? Well I cannot tell you how to do it (rather, write and ask David Rockefeller — he has some experience on the matter) but the next article I do here translate will give you good information on how to reproduce a planet-carrying vortex with materials you can easily put together:

“EXPERIENCES WITH A VORTEX PRODUCED WITHIN A CLOSED VASE — APPLICATION TO A PLANETARY SYSTEM” (Comptes Rendus, November 18, 1918, pp. 678/680) by Mr. Emile Belot, introduced by Mr. Welle.

Somebody whose works are not so easy to duplicate was the late John Worrell Keely, who he alone (or somebody whom he touched) could make his devices work. Despite the many criticisms levelled (in his time and later) against him, nobody can deny Keely being a pioneer in the field of Physics: By the time he began his experiments, he theorised that matter and energy were only two different aspects of the ether. All the scientists of his time believed otherwise and only with the 1896-1904 experiments of the Frenchman, Dr. Gustave Le Bon (a physician turned physicist who discontinued his works because of economic pressure) this position changed.

In the case of Keely himself we see that he chose as prime mover for his machines the manifestation of ether known as sound. By striking a resonant chord at his devices, he set them in motion and as soon as the machines collected ether from the immediate environment this kept them working until either their parts collapsed due to wear and tear or the operator struck a dissonant chord and stopped them.

One thing I did find while calculating the sizes of Keely’s devices from the data I was given (thanks to the kindness of Richard Toronto [of the USA] and Ray Archer [of England] who sent me additional information), was that they had been built according to, the mathematical parameters given out by Bruce Cathie in his books on the grid. Also, something else I found was that Keely was employing (how he found the former and this I do not know) the “metric theorems” first published in our century by the Argentine scientist Dr. Jose Alvarez Lopez in 1950 (at “Fisicay Creacionismo”, partially quoted by Peter Tompkins in “Secrets of the Great Pyramid”) and which he (Lopez) derived from the work “Dimensional Analysis” by Percy William Bridgman; both of which are the key for the mastery of the grid and the ether and must be used jointly.

Hence, the more I delved into this, it became clear that Keely had understood both kinds of parameters and used a “little trick” to keep his inventions and ideas to himself, to wit: I am of the opinion that while the metal composing each portion of his devices was cooling inside the crucible, Keely connected it to a “resonator” of a certain kind (violin, clarion, etc.) and while playing it to a certain note he also “wished” his own personal energy into the metallic piece; after this process had been accomplished (the duration of this deed remains unknown to me) the piece was tuned to Keely and just to him. As the resonating part could be used as a better resonator, it is obvious that the process feeds on itself and successive generations of devices are better than their parents but worse than their children.

I am of the opinion that, to activate his devices, as a prime mover, Keely approached them while mentally projecting the image of the device working upon the apparatus he was about to set in motion, he struck a resonant chord/timing fork, etc, and this made it work. But this simple deed included a great danger for the operator for he himself was included into the field generated by the apparatus, and this was, in my opinion, the reason for the accident Keely suffered when in the early stages of his researches. He was in bed for six weeks, with some broken bones and half his body paralyzed, while his laboratory suffered widespread wreckage and pipes 12 inches in diameter broke as if they had been of paper instead of steel. After his recovery, and in order to prevent the energies from harming him more, Keely went to work but used water as a cushion for the unleashed etheric fields.

Jana, the daughter of the Czech researcher Robert Pavlita, underwent a similar, though much less serious, incident when she was a child: She touched one of her father’s psychotronic generators and had her arm paralyzed; her father discovered it upon his return home and worked for three days in a row to construct another device and thus healed her.

I do not know whether Mr. Basset knew or not about Keely and his researches, but after a close analysis you will notice the great resemblance (only some of the shapes at the upper portion of the devices differ) between the device to be now described and Keely’s “Hydro-Pneumatic-Pulsating-Vacuum Engine,” first built between 1882 and 1885:

“APPARATUS FOR MAKING PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL EXPERIENCES AT ALL TEMPERATURES VARYING UNDER LIQUID PRESSURES OF 1.2000 kg/cm²“ by Mr. James Basset, introduced by Mr. C. Matignon, (a translation from an article that appeared in “Comptes Rendus a L’Academie des Sciences de Paris,” session of August 1st, 1927)

According to the accredited science of today, the sun and stars are gaseous bodies with temperatures of millions of degrees inside. The scientific profession is so sure of this that anybody who thinks otherwise is simply not given a chance to be heard, although a simple calculation under the gas laws will show that any celestial body similar to the sun, and with a density approximately equal to that of ocean water, would explode immediately if heated to a temperature of millions of degrees centigrade.

Our sun is just an average star, and a mere glance at it should be sufficient to convince anybody that it cannot be gaseous inside. A ball of gas would not have a sharp circular outline like the periphery of the sun. Gaseous clouds do exist elsewhere in the universe, but they do not appear as suns or stars. The periphery of the sun does, however, bear a remarkable resemblance to a horizon of ocean water. This conclusion is further corroborated by the density of the sun which is just slightly greater than that of ocean water–exactly what would be expected if the sun consists mainly of water, but with a solid core at the center.

If the heat from the sun really came from a hot interior, then as the late Dr. Hermann Fricke of Germany has pointed out, sunspots should be incandescent and not dark. Numerous photographs have been taken of sunspots from all angles, and these photographs show beyond any possibility of a doubt that sunspots are nothing else than splashes in the luminous layer. The luminous material is thrown to the sides, leaving a wide open hole at the center through which the dark interior of the sun can be viewed–perhaps not absolutely dark, but much darker that the luminous surface with its temperature of 6000 degrees. According to all authentic science of today, we are supposed to believe that within this dark interior there is raging a temperature of 50,000,000 degrees! It is just too much for the writer to swallow.

The heat of the sun is probably generated by bombardment of its outer atmosphere by cosmic rays consisting of subatomic particles drawn in by the gravitational force of the sun. We have a similar heated layer in the upper atmosphere of our earth where cosmic ray intensity is much greater and the temperature is hundreds of degrees higher than at the surface of the earth. Since the gravitational force at the surface of the sun is thirty times that at the surface of the earth, it is not difficult on this basis to account for the 6000 degree temperature at the surface of the sun, without making any fantastic assumptions of interior temperatures of millions of degrees.

A hot outer atmosphere would not necessarily heat up the interior of the sun, as has often been argued. Heat can travel only by radiation, conduction, or convection. Radiation is stopped immediately by even the thinnest layers of opaque material, and conduction through thousands of miles of poorly conducting material is a very slow process. There remains then only convection, and in a gravitational field the effect of convection is always to produce stratification–the hotter masses rising to the top and the cooler masses sinking to the bottom. If now we make the reasonable assumption that the effect of convection is greater than the combined effect of radiation and conduction, then any large celestial body with sufficient water on it should act like an automatic refrigerator–its interior remaining cool indefinitely notwithstanding the generation of heat on its surface. Some of the water on the surface of the sun will undoubtedly be evaporated by the intense heat, and may even become dissociated into oxygen and hydrogen, but the reverse of these processes will also occur, until a condition of equilibrium has been established. The ultimate result will be a gigantic turbulence on the surface of the sun, such as can be observed any time, but which will leave the interior of the sun unaffected.

The cosmic rays which are drawn in by gravitational force consist mainly of subatomic particles such as protons, electrons and neutrons. If these are clusters of vortex rings which were produced in the interstellar ether by the turbulence of light and heat waves, then we have here a cyclic process which could go on indefinitely. The energy which leaves the sun and stars in the form of light and heat radiation is again returned to them in the form of cosmic ray particles, and any matter which is annihilated during this process is similarly returned from interstellar space.

Annandale, Virginia February, 1961.

NOTE: Sunspots are not caused by explosions from inside the sun because they would then be covered by huge clouds similar to the mushroom clouds of atomic explosions.

FURTHER COMMENTS:
Recent photographs taken from a high altitude balloon have shown most clearly that sunspots are definitely splashes, and a well defined splash cannot be produced in a gas but only on the surface of a liquid. The surface of the sun, except for its gaseous atmosphere, must therefore be liquid.

The darkness of sunspots has at times been attributed to large masses of condensate plunging into the hot gaseous surface of the sun and cooling the gases locally. If this were the true explanation, then it would be difficult to explain, not only the splash itself, but also the granular formation of the luminous material which has every appearance of clouds in the sun’s atmosphere. If the heat and light of the sun really does come from its interior, then it would be the spaces between the clouds which should be luminous, and not the clouds themselves. Photographs however have clearly shown that whenever adjacent clouds (luminous granules) leave tiny openings between them, the space behind them thus exposed is always relatively dark–never luminous or incandescent.

The luminosity of these cloudlike granules is probably produced by cosmic protons and neutrons drawn into the sun’s outer atmosphere by gravitational force and condensing into helium ions or atoms. We do not need to assume that such cosmic protons and neutrons are in every respect identical with the protons and neutrons that have been produced in physical laboratories, and the extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, electrification and neutron concentration that exist on the surface of the sun have never been duplicated simultaneously or even approximated artificially. Let us therefore not be so rash as to say the formation of helium in the atmosphere of the sun from cosmic protons and neutrons would be impossible.